• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to obtain the normal range of mandibular movement for 13 year old boys and girls, and to compare it to the range of mandibular movement of class III patient and normal adult for diagnosis and prognosis of class III malocclusion and TMJ dysfunction. The subjects were 20 normal boys 20 normal girls 22 class III boys and 18 class III girls. The author measured the ranges and shapes of movement of the mandible in the frontal, sagittal and horizontal trajectories using Saphon visitrainer C II (Tokyo Shizaisha Inc.) for the subjects. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The mean for maximum right laterotrusion in the frontal trajectory were 11.96mm in N.B., 11.10mm in N.G., 11.32mm in III. B., 11.24mm in III G. The mean for maximum left laterotrusion were 11.48mm, 11.0mm, 10.91mm, 10.44mm respectively, Area of border movement were 7.16cm in N.B., 6.59cm in N.G., 7.29cm in III. B., 7.50cm in III. G. 2) The mean for maximum protrusion in the sagittal trajectory were 11.7mm in N.B., 11.4mm in N.G.,11.87mm in III B., and 11.02mm in III. G. 3) The mean for maximum protrusion in the horizontal trajectory were 10.20mm in N.B.,10.00 mm in N.G., 9.12mm for III. B. and 9.36mm in III. G. 4) The mean for maximum protrusion of Class III subjects were shorter than those of normal subjects. 5) There was no sexual difference in the range of mandibular movement for 13 year old subjects. N.B; Normal boys N.G.; Normal girls III.B.; Class III boys III. G.; Class III girls.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.73-89
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• 2015

This study examined the effects of parenting behavior perceived by children and ego-resilience on school adjustment according to child gender. The participants were 2,119 first grade students(1,093 boys, 1,026 girls) in the fourth Korea Youth Panel Survey. The results of this study were as follows : First, boys perceived parenting behavior more positively than girls. Girls perceived more difficulty in ego-resilience and school adjustment than boys. Second, school adjustment of the boys and girls showed a positive correlation with parenting behavior perceived by children and ego-resilience. Third, the more perceived positive parenting behavior and the better perceived ego-resilience, the better the boys and girls could make adjustment in school. The results of this study offers a fundamental data about parenting behavior and ego-resilience which can improve the school adjustment of a first grade student.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.1
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• pp.31-55
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• 1998

The study was attempted to survey the recognition of sexual roles and the demand of sexual education. The period was May 1st through June 15th, 1998 and the subjects were 377 junior students and 251 parents in Pusan. This study was based on questionnaire which focused on the Han and Lee's inquiry. The analysis of collected data was executed by using SPSS/PC+. The results were as follows : (1) The average point as to the 12 items of recognition of sexual roles regarding the occupational functions by the boys was 2.92 which was higher than that of the girls(1.85). The average point as to the 14 items of recognition of sexual roles regarding the attitudes by the boys was 2.91 which was higher than that of the girls(2.13). The average point as to the 14 items of recognition of sexual roles regarding the abilities by the boys was 2.93 which was higher than that of the girls(1.96). The point as to the item of androgyny among the demand of sexual education by the girls was 3.17 which is higher than that of the boys(2.93). (2) The parents showed the higher recognition toward androcentrism than the students and the parents showed the higher demand of the overall sexual education than the students. (3) 15.7% of the students was engaged in the masturbation. The students who answered that their parents had known the masturbation by their children were 16.9%. The 59 masturbaters consisted of the boys(91.5%) and the girls(8.5%), and that showed significant difference. (4) The opinions about the well-qualified teacher of sexual education by the subjects were studied as under: 16.7% of the parents supported the nurse-teacher, meanwhile 24.7% of the students supported the nurse-teacher.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 1999

This study was undertaken with 542 fifth-grade elementary school children to investigate the characteristics in lifestyle, eating habits, food preferences of overweight and obese children in the Pocheon area of Korea. Anthropometry was conducted to determine obesity, and data was obtained on lifestyle, eating habits and food preferences by using questionnaires. The prevalence rate of obesity was 19.5% for boys and 8.5% for girls, and 14.3% of boys and 14.4% of girls were overweight. No significant differences was found in the body size and education years of parents, family income and the empolymental status of mother. Boys did not show any significant difference between subgroups in lifestyle, eating habits and food preferences. Obese girls watched TV longer and liked physical education less than normal and overweight groups, suggesting that an inactive lifestyle can be related to girls' obesity in this study. Overweight girls answered that they had significantly lower preferences for empty-calorie foods such as candies/caramels and cookies as well as high-fat foods such as samgyupsal(pork belly) than normal weight girls, implicating the fear of obesity for overweight girls, although more studies should be done including an assessment of actual intake of these foods. The preferences of obese girls for these foods were not higher than those of normal-weight girls, suggesting that the preference for certain foods may not be the characteristic of obese girls in this study. A special program for nutritional education with a different focus should be developed to combat the problems of each subgroup depending on gender and obesity status to improve the physical fitness of the children in this area.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-78
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• 1991

Dental caries is one of the main factors to cause the teeth to be lost. Diet is the important factor in the development of dental caries. Today, Dental plaque control, Fluoride to pical application, Fissure sealing and Diet control are used to prevent dental caries. By the five day diet diary, the author surveyed the food in take of 600 infants aged from 10 to 12 in the subures of Seoul. Using the cariogenic food intake analysis form, the detergent food intake analysis form and the basic food intake analysis form, the data were collected, analysed and discussed. After discussing the results, the author concluded as follows : 1. The intake frequency of meals per day was 4.91 times, of which 2.74 times taken at meals and 2.17 times at between meals. Girls(5.00) had taken more times than boys(4.69) at meals an between meals. 2. The intake frequency of cariogenic food per day was 1.93 times, Liquid cariogenic food was taken 0.05 times at meals, and 0.58 times at between meals. Solid cariogenic food was taken 0.05 times at meals, and 0.08 times at between meals. Girls(1.67) had taken cariogenic food more times than boys(1.46). 3. The percentage of intake without detergent food of each intake time per head per day was 71.62% at meals, and 85.7% at between meals. The highest percentage was at evening meals. Boys(44.00%) had taken more detergent food than girls(56.71%). 4. Both boys and girls had the basic food intake taken enough only in 2nd group of basic food, lacking in the other 4 groups. Girls had taken the basic food comparatively more times than boys.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.201-216
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• 2005

The social behaviors of 177(84 girls, 93 boys) 5-6 year olds were rated by the SCBE teacher questionnaire. Mothers reported on their reactions to children's negative emotions and on children's emotionality by questionnaires. Results showed that girls' emotionality was related to maternal punitive responses and their withdrawn behaviors. Maternal emotion-focused reponses were associated with boys' social behaviors. Maternal distress reactions were correlated with girls' prosocial behaviors; maternal punitive responses were related to girls' prosocial and withdrawn behaviors. Maternal emotion-focused responses were associated with girls' aggressive behaviors. Partial correlation analysis indicated girls' emotionality was not related to their withdrawn behaviors when maternal punitive responses were taken into account.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.592-603
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• 2001

Seasonal variations of nutrient intake ware evaluated through a 3-day dietary records in 196 Korean adolescents(86 males, 108 females) aged 13 - 15 years and living in urban and rural areas of Chungnam. The seasonal differences of nutrient intake were tested by repealed measure ANOVA. Comparing nutrient intakes among flour seasons using repealed measure ANOVA, mean values of daily intakes were higher in winter and autumn for most nutrients, and were the lowest in summer in the urban areas and in spring in rural areas. Girls recieved the largest amount of nutrients, except Ca and vitamin $B_12$, in winter and the lowest amount in summer, while in boys significant differences were not observed among the four seasons for meet nutrients, except fats, Mg, and vitamin E. Interestingly, the seasonal differences for many nutrients were more evident in rural areas than in urban areas. Vitamin A intake in urban areas was higher in winter and spring, while in rural oreas, in summer. Mean values of daily intakes as a percent of the RDA throughout the year in boys and girls ware 82.2% and 84.2% for energy and 88.9% and 82.7% for protein, respectively. Ca and vitamin A intakes were as low as 32.4% and 24.2% of the RDA in boys and 39.7% and 30.6% in girls. Intakes of Fe, Zn, folic acid and vitamin B$_{12}$ ranged from 40 - 60% of the RDA. The nutrients which showed the largest seasonal difference in the percent of RDA were vitamin E in boys and vitamin C, vitamin E, and Fe in girls. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) for Fe was significantly lower in autumn in both genders. The INQ for vitamin C in girls of both areas was much higher in winter. Annual mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality, ranged from 0.57 - 0.69, which was higher in winter than in other seasons. Conclusively, nutrient intakes of Korean adolescents showed seasonal variations, particularly in girls and in rural area. Thus, seasonal variations should be considered in the assessing nutritional status, particularly ill the rural areas of Korea.a.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2016

Purpose: Only a few studies have explored nationwide trends in lipid profiles among Asian adolescents. We aimed to assess trends in lipid profiles and the associated lifestyle factors among Korean children. Methods: We analyzed data for 2,094 adolescents who were aged 10-18 years and had participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in 1998 and 2010. Results: During 1998-2010, the prevalence of obesity significantly increased in boys, but no changes were observed in girls. Over this period, there was a small but significant decrease in the mean lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level in boys (1998, 87.5 mg/dL; 2010, 83.6 mg/dL; P=0.019) and mean triglyceride levels in girls (1998, 90.8 mg/dL; 2010, 85.8 mg/dL; P=0.020). There were no significant changes in the prevalence of dyslipidemia in boys, but a modest decrease was noted in girls (1998, 25.1%; 2010, 18.3%; P=0.052). During the study period, the prevalence of breakfast skipping decreased, whereas that of regular exercise increased in both groups. Daily total energy intake did not change between these years. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, breakfast skipping was associated with increased risk of hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia in boys (odds ratio [OR], 5.77) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 2.27) in girls. Regular exercise was associated with decreased risk of hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia (OR, 0.40) in boys. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of obesity in boys increased, favorable or constant trends in lipid profiles were observed among Korean adolescents during 1998-2010. Decrease in breakfast skipping and increase in regular exercise may have contributed to these trends.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-114
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• 1998

This study's purpose is to clarify the growth pattern of Down Syndrome cases -particulary centering on the adolescent growth pattern - and to draw up a standard growth chart on body height and weight which is one estimation of physical growth for the effective caring of their health. I sampled 269 Down syndrome cases (Male 151, Female 118) whose ages ranged from 6 years of age to adulthood and 348 normal control cases (Male 175, Female 173) who were in same age group with Down Syndrome. We also picked 124 Down syndromes cases(Male 70, Female 54) and gathered 8 year longitudinal data on their body height and weight. The results were that, I found Down syndrome cases' height to be short and their weight to be overweight. As far as age at peak height velocity was concerned, boys were at 11-12 years of age and girls were at 10-11 years of age, showing that girls were about one year faster. Peak height velocity was 6.8cm/yr for boys and 5.4cm/yr for girls. The age at peak weight velocity were 12-13 years for age for boys and 10-11 years of age for girls. Peak weight velocity was 5.7kg/yr for boys and 4.3kg/yr for girls. The menarche age of girls with Down syndrome was anticipated to come about 2 years after peak height velocity and peak weight velocity. Finally, we drew up a standard growth chart and compared it with that of the NCHS, which caused us to come to the conclusion that the Standard Growth Chart for Down syndrome cases in Korea that came out of this study was appropriate for the growth-assesment of Down syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.1
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• pp.82-93
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• 1980

This study aims to find out and analyze the Various Problems of children of divorcee's and Compare them with that of the children of married parents. The subjects used for this study were 3,975 4~6 graders aged 9~13 enrolled in seven different Primary Schools located in seoul and Jeonju. To begin with, everybody in seven Classed were requested to respond to a questionnaire in order to Select the Children of divorcee's. When 60 children were selected, each Child was interviewed as well as asked to check questionnaire Concerning their daily life problems and feelings about them. When the data were analyzed, the following results were Obtained. 1) Children lives were affected by their parental divorce in various ways, but particularly so in their school lives. However, boys seemed to be affected less than the girls. 2) Either Separated from father or mother, generally the girls seemed to suffer more than the boys. Especially the girls separated from fathers were affected in school life and peer-relationships and the girls Separated from mother were affected in emotional problems and peer-relationships 3) Children of single parents seemed to be affected more in school lives, whereas th, children of remarried Parents Seemed to be affected in peer-problems. Again, the girls were more affected than boys. 4) Children whose parents were divorced when they were still in pre-school age seemed to suffer more than than those in the school age.