• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.641-648
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• 2013

보 구조물들은 보다 우수한 성능을 위하여 다양한 형태의 보강재 또는 단면 형상을 가지게 된다. 강성재단을 설계에 적용하기 위해서는 강성재단에 의해서 발생하는 연계 거동을 정확하게 예측하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 문헌에서 보고된 복합재료 보의 특이한 연계거동(면외 굽힘-전단 연계)을 실험적으로 확인하기 위하여, 등가의 동적 연계거동을 나타내는 강성재단 된 등방성 박스보를 제작하였다. 제작된 시편의 주파수 및 모드 형상 등의 동적 특성을 3 차원 유한요소해석과 비교 검토하여, 문헌에 보고된 특이한 전단 연계 거동이 발생함을 확인하였다. 이러한 거동은 보강재의 적절한 배치를 통해 원하는 방향으로 강성재단 될 수 있고, 얻어진 연계 거동은 다양한 분야에 응용될 수 있다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.549-559
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• 2017

As few multi-tower single-box multi-cell cable-stayed bridges with corrugated steel webs have been built, analysis is mostly achieved by combining single-girder model, beam grillage model and solid model in support of the design. However, such analysis methods usually suffer from major limitations in terms of the engineering applications: single-girder model fails to account for spatial effect such as shear lag effect of the box girder and the relevant effective girder width and eccentric load coefficient; owing to the approximation in the principle equivalence, the plane grillage model cannot accurately capture shear stress distribution and local stress state in both top and bottom flange of composite box girder; and solid model is difficult to be practically combined with the overall calculation. The usual effective width method fails to provide a uniform and accurate "effective length" (and the codes fail to provide a unified design approach at those circumstance) considering different shear lag effects resulting from dead load, prestress and cable tension in the construction. Therefore, a novel spatial grid model has been developed to account for shear lag effect. The theoretical principle of the proposed spatial grid model has been elaborated along with the relevant illustrations of modeling parameters of composite box girder with corrugated steel webs. Then typical transverse and longitudinal shear lag coefficient distribution pattern at the side-span and mid-span key cross sections have been analyzed and summarized to provide reference for similar bridges. The effectiveness and accuracy of spatial grid analysis methods has been finally validated through a practical cable-stayed bridge.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.117-136
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• 2020

Curved steel-concrete composite box girder has been widely adopted in urban overpasses and ramp bridges. In order to investigate its mechanical behavior under complicated and combined bending, shear and torsion load, two large-curvature composite box girders with interior angles of 25° and 45° were tested under static hogging moment. Based on the strain and deflection measurement on critical cross-sections during the static loading test, the failure mode, cracking behavior, load-displacement relationship, and strain distribution in the steel plate and rebar were investigated in detail. The test result showed the large-curvature composite box girders exhibited notable shear lag in the concrete slab and steel girder. Also, the constraint torsion and distortion effect caused the stress measured at the inner side of the composite beam to be notably higher than that of the outer side. The strain distribution in the steel web was approximately linear; therefore, the assumption that the plane section remains plane was approximately validated based on strain measurement at steel web. Furthermore, the full-process non-linear elaborate finite element (FE) models of the two specimens were developed based on commercial FE software MSC.MARC. The modeling scheme and constitutive model were illustrated in detail. Based on the comparison between the FE model and test results, the FE model effectively simulated the failure mode, the load-displacement curve, and the strain development of longitudinal rebar and steel girder with sufficient accuracy. The comparison between the FE model and the test result validated the accuracy of the developed FE model.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 유한요소 자유진동해석을 수행하여 박판 보에서의 국소변형효과를 조사하였다. 자유진동해석은 단일셀 및 다중셀 박스보에 대해 수행하였으며, 풍력발전 블레이드를 가장 단순하게 모사할 수 있는 단일셀 박스보를 먼저 해석하였다. 쉘요소 해석결과를 보요소 해석결과와 비교하여 보았을 때 박스 보의 박판 두께가 정확도에 매우 중요한 역할을 함을 확인하였다. 두께가 얇은 경우에는 쉘의 국소변형(또는 쉘 모드)가 주요하게 나타난 반면에 두꺼울 경우에는 전단변형의 효과가 크게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 목이 있는 단일셀 박스보에서의 국소변형은 목 주위에 집중되어 나타남을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 실제 블레이드와 유사한 다중셀 테이퍼 보의 주파수 및 모드형상을 분석하였다. 보 요소 해석결과는 쉘 요소 결과와 비교하여 약 5~7% 주파수 차이를 보였으며, 이는 보요소가 국소변형을 제대로 모사하지 못하기 때문이다. 특히 래그모드(lagwise mode)의 경우에는 단면의 분할 정도의 영향보다 국소변형의 효과가 매우 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2009

A two-dimensional cross-section analysis program based on the finite element method has been developed for composite blades with arbitrary cross-section profiles and material distributions. The modulus weighted approach is used to take into account the non-homogeneous material characteristics of advanced blades. The CLPT (Classical Lamination Plate Theory) is applied to obtain the effective moduli of the composite laminate. The location of shear center for any given cross-sections are determined according to the Trefftz' definition while the torsion constants are obtained using the St. Venant torsion theory. A series of benchmark examples for beams with various cross-sections are illustrated to show the accuracy of the developed cross-section analysis program. The cross section cases include thin-walled C-channel, I-beam, single-cell box, NACA0012 airfoil, and KARI small-scale blades. Overall, a reasonable correlation is obtained in comparison with experiments or finite element analysis results.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.397-408
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• 2018

In a recent tragic fire incident, the Plasco Tower collapsed after an intense outburst of fire lasting for three and a half hours and claiming the lives of 16 firefighters and 6 civilians. This paper will present continuing collaborative work between Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Queen's University in Canada to model the progressive collapse of the tower. The fire started at the 10th floor and was observed to have travelled along the floor horizontally and through the staircase and windows vertically. Plasco Tower was steel structure and all the steel sections were fabricated by welding standard European channel or angle profiles and no fire protection was applied. Four internal columns carried the loads transferred by the primary beams, and box columns were constructed along the perimeter of the building as a braced tube for resisting seismic loading. OpenSees fibre-based sections and displacement-based beam-column elements are used to model the frames, while shell elements are used for the reinforced concrete floor slabs. The thermal properties and elevated temperature mechanical properties are as recommended in the Eurocodes. The results in this preliminarily analysis are based on rough estimations of the structure's configuration. The ongoing work looks at modeling the Plasco Tower based on the most accurate findings from reviewing many photographs and collected data.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.295-312
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• 2001

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new type of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) beam-column joints and to examine the structural performance of the proposed joints, which simplify the construction procedure of steel fabrication, welding works, concrete casting and joint strengthening. In the proposed beam-column joints, the steel element of columns forms continuously built-in crossing of H-sections (${\Box}$), with adjacent flanges of column being connected by horizontal stiffeners in a joint at the level of the beam flanges. In addition, simplified lateral reinforcement (${\Box}$) is adopted in a joint to confine the longitudinal reinforcing bars in columns. Experimental and analytical studies have been carried out to estimate the structural performance of the proposed joints. Twelve cruciform specimens and seven SRC beam-column subassemblage specimens were prepared and tested. The following can be concluded from this study: (1) SRC subassemblages with the proposed beam-column joints show adequate seismic performances which are superior to the demand of the current code; (2) The yield and ultimate strength capacities of the beam-to-column connections can be estimated by analysis based on the yield line theory; (3) The skeleton curves and the ultimate shear capacities of the beam-column joint panel are predicted with a fair degree of accuracy by considering a simple stress transfer mechanism.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권5A호
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• pp.887-899
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 교량 거더 단면의 공기역학적 특성을 나타내는 기본 자료인 공기력계수와 플러터계수가 동적응답과 어떠한 상관관계를 가지는지를 규명하는데 있다. 이를 위해 세 단계의 단면모형실험이 수행되었다. 첫 번째 단계에서는 총 7개의 거더 단면 즉, 6개의 플레이트거더 단면과 1개의 박스거더 단면이 고려되었으며 거더 단면의 기하학적 형상, 영각, 바람의 방향 그리고 기류조건이 공기력계수인 항력계수, 양력계수 그리고 모멘트계수에 미치는 영향을 정적 단면모형실험을 통해 살펴보았다. 두 번째 단계에서는 동적실험을 통해 각 단면의 공기력계수와 동적응답의 상관성을 검증하였다. 마지막으로 2자유도하의 동적 단면모형실험을 통해 세 개의 거더 단면의 플러터계수를 산출하고 이를 동적실험결과와 비교하였다. 주어진 단면형상에 대한 비정상 공기력에 의해 변화되는 시스템의 감쇠와 강성을 가장 잘 반영하는 플러터계수는 초기변위-자유진동시스템을 이용하여 추출하였다. 이를 위해 등류조건에서 풍속별로 교량단면의 수직 및 비틀림 초기변위의 시간에 따른 진폭의 감쇠를 측정하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 교량단면의 공기력계수와 플러터계수는 공탄석해석 및 버펫팅해석을 위한 기본 자료로 유용하게 쓰일 것으로 보인다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.49-65
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• 2015

It is hard to guarantee the strict synchronization of all the jacking-up points in the integral jacking of a large-span continuous box girder bridge. This paper took the Hengliaojing Bridge as background, which need jacking up as an object with 295m length and more than 10,000tons weight, adopted 3D software to calculate the unsynchronized jacking-up working conditions, and studied the relationships between the unsynchronized vertical difference and the girder's deformation behaviour. The aim is to verify the maximum value of the unsynchronized vertical difference, and guide the construction and ensure safety. The monitoring system with its contents is introduced corresponding to the analysis. The results of the deck relative elevations prove that it is difficult to avoid the deck torsional deformation for jacking different; especially the side span shows more deformations for its smaller stiffness. The maximum difference is smaller than the limited value with acceptable stresses in the sections. The jacking heights of the pier in each construction step are controlled regularly according to the design. The shifting of the whole bridge in longitudinal direction is smaller than in transverse direction. The several beginning steps are the key to adjust their support reactions. This study is one parts of the fundamental research for the code "Technical specification for bridge jacking-up and reposition of China". The whole synchronous jacking project of the main bridge set a world record by the World Record Association for the whole bridge jacking project with the longest span of the world.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권2호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2021

In this paper, the effects of Tuned Mass dampers (TMDs) on the reduction of the vertical vibrations of a real horizontally curved steel box-girder bridge due to different traffic loads are numerically investigated. The performance of TMDs to reduce the bridge vibrations can be affected by the parameters such as dynamic characteristics of TMDs, the location of TMDs, the speed and weight of vehicles. In the first part of this study, the effects of mass ratio, damping percentage, frequency ratio, and location of TMDs on the performance of TMDs to decrease vertical vibrations of different sections of bridge deck are evaluated. In the second part, the performance of TMD is investigated for different speeds and weights of traffic loads. Results show that the mass ratio of TMDs is the more effective parameter in reducing imposed vertical vibration in comparison with the damping ratio. Furthermore, it is found that TMD is very sensitive to its tuned frequency, i.e., with a little deviation from a suitable frequency, the expected performance of TMD significantly decreased. TMDs have a positive and considerable performance at certain vehicle speeds and this performance declines when the weight of traffic loads is increased. Besides, the results reveal that the highest impact of TMD on the reduction of the vertical vibrations is when free vibrations occur for the bridge deck. In that case, maximum reductions of 24% and 59% are reported in the vertical acceleration of the bridge deck for the forced and free vibration amplitudes, respectively. The maximum reduction of 13% is also obtained for the maximum displacement of the bridge deck. The results are mainly related to the resonance condition.