• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.433-446
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• 2021

In this study, the future flood inundation changes under a climate change were simulated in the Tonle Sap basin in Cambodia, one of the countries with high vulnerability to climate change. For the flood inundation simulation using the rainfall-runoff-inundation (RRI) model, globally available geological data (digital elevation model [DEM]; hydrological data and maps based on Shuttle elevation derivatives [HydroSHED]; land cover: Global land cover facility-moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer [GLCF-MODIS]), rainfall data (Asian precipitation-highly-resolved observational data integration towards evaluation [APHRODITE]), climate change scenario (HadGEM3-RA), and observational water level (Kratie, Koh Khel, Neak Luong st.) were constructed. The future runoff from the Kratie station, the upper boundary condition of the RRI model, was constructed to be predicted using the long short-term memory (LSTM) model. Based on the results predicted by the LSTM model, a total of 4 cases were selected (representative concentration pathway [RCP] 4.5: 2035, 2075; RCP 8.5: 2051, 2072) with the largest annual average runoff by period and scenario. The results of the analysis of the future flood inundation in the Tonle Sap basin were compared with the results of previous studies. Unlike in the past, when the change in the depth of inundation changed to a range of about 1 to 10 meters during the 1997 - 2005 period, it occurred in a range of about 5 to 9 meters during the future period. The results show that in the future RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, the variability of discharge is reduced compared to the past and that climate change could change the runoff patterns of the Tonle Sap basin.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2001

The objective of this study is to develop a prediction mode for a flood forecasting system in the downstream of the Nakdong river basin. Ranging from the gauging station at Jindong to the Nakdong estuary barrage, the hydraulic flood routing model(DWOPER) based on the Saint Venant equation was calibrated by comparing the calculated river stage with the observed river stages using four different flood events recorded. The upstream boundary condition was specified by the measured river stage data at Jindong station and the downstream boundary condition was given according to the tide level data observed at he Nakdong estuary barrage. The lateral inflow from tributaries were estimated by the rainfall-runoff model. In the calibration process, the optimum roughness coefficients for proper functions of channel reach and discharge were determined by minimizing the sum of the differences between the observed and the computed stage. In addition, the forecasting lead time on the basis of each gauging station was determined by a numerical simulation technique. Also, we suggested a model structure for a real-time flood forecasting system and tested it on the basis of past flood events. The testing results of the developed system showed close agreement between the forecasted and observed stages. Therefore, it is expected that the flood forecasting system we developed can improve the accuracy of flood forecasting on the Nakdong river.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.635-656
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• 2014

A rational estimation of moisture distribution in structural concrete is vital for predicting the possible extent and rate of progression of impending degradation processes. The paper proposes a numerical scheme for analysing the evolution of moisture distribution in concrete subjected to wetting-drying exposure caused by intermittent periods of rainfall. The proposed paradigm is based on the stage wise implementation of non-linear finite element (FE) analysis, with each stage representing a distinct phase of a typical wet-dry cycle. The associated boundary conditions have been constituted to realize the influence of various meteorological elements such as rain, wind, relative humidity and temperature on the exposed concrete surface. The reliability of the developed scheme has been demonstrated through its application for the simulation of experimentally recorded moisture profiles reported in published literature. A sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to study the influence of critical material properties on simulated results. The proposed scheme is vital to the service life modelling of concrete structures in tropical climates which largely remain exposed to the action of alternating rains.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.1060-1067
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• 2009

Previous research on the slope failure has mainly reported that most of the slope failures occur due to surface rainfall infiltration in the rainy season. A slope of which surface is protected by shotcrete or plants, can also fail due to increase in pore water pressure from the ground water flow beneath the surface, rather than from the surface. In this study such case of slope behavior is investigated using the model test and numerical method including strength reduction method. Hydraulic boundary conditions of the slopes is considered using coupled numerical scheme. The failure mechanism of the slope is investigated and the effect of pore water pressure on slope safety is identified. Increase in pore water pressure due to lateral infiltration has significantly reduced the stability of slope.

• 대기
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2001

The East Asian monsoon is generally accompanied with the quasi-stationary front along the northern and northwestern periphery of the subtropical anticyclone in the boundary zone of the polar cold air mass and the tropical warm air mass. The rainy season in Korea has been called as Changma since the middle of 1500s. In meteorology, the rainy season with the quasi-stationary front, the Changma front, during the early summer has been defined as the Changma since 1905. The difference of meaning on Changma between meteorologists and the general public sometime does give a confusion. For example, the heavy rainfall event after the retreat of Changma is recognized as Changma by the general public, but not by most of meteorologists. The decision of the onset and retreat dates of Changma among the meteorologists is also ambiguous because of different viewpoints on the definition of Changma. In this study we survey the etymology and definition of Changma.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.33-43
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• 1999

Drought is a serious diaster in agriculutre, especially to upland crops. Hence, the Agricultural Drought Analysis Model (ADAM) that is integratable with GIS was applied to analyae agriculture drought in upland. ADAM is composed of two sub-models , one is a Soil Water Balance Model (SWBM) and the other is a Drougth Analysis Model (DAM) that is based on the Runs theory. The ADAM needs weather data, rainfall data and soil physical characteristics data as input and calculates daily soil moisture contents. GIS was integrated to the ADAM for the calculation of regional soil moisture using digitized landuse map, detaile dsoil map, thiessen network and district boundary . For the agriculutral drought analysis, the ADAM adapt the Runs theory for analyzing drought duration, severity and magnitude . Log-Pearson Type-III probability distribution function and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to test the fitness of good of the model. The integration of ADAM with GIS was successfully implemented and would be operated effectively for the regional drought analysis.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2009

강우로 인하여 사면을 구성하는 흙의 상태는 복잡한 과정을 거치며, 이와 동반된 사면의 활동은 흙의 역학적 거동의 변화뿐만 아니라, 강우와 관계된 기상특성, 지층구조의 특성, 지형적 특성 등 다양한 요소에 의존적이다. 본 논문에서는 여러 요소 중 사면의 토층 두께의 변화에 따른 사면활동 양상 및 그와 수반되어 토체내에서 변화하는 흡입력과 체적함수비의 변화양상을 확인할 수 있다. 사면의 토층이 어느 정도 두꺼운 경우 침투선단의 하향이동이 관측되었으며, 침투선단이 도달한 위치에서는 일정한 크기의 흡입력이 감소하여 부의 간극수압이 영에 가까운 값을 보이는 것이 관측되었다. 침투선단이 불투수층인 토조 바닥에 도달한 이후 침투선단의 상향이동이 관측되었으며 이러한 관측결과는 다양한 크기의 공극의 존재에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 크기가 큰 공극이 존재하는 경우 모세관현상으로 인한 공극의 채움 효과는 다소 줄어들 수 있으며 하항 침투 시 덜 채워진 공극은 침투선단이 바닥면에 도달한 이후 다시 상향으로 이동할 경우 채워지는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 가정은 체적함수비의 변화과정에서 확인되었다. 또한 조립토를 대상으로 하는 본 실험에서 토체의 두께가 두꺼운 경우(20cm) 사면의 활동은 침식에 의한 것으로 관측되었는데, 침식의 개시는 상부 표층의 흙이 완전히 포화된 경우 시작하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이에 비해 토층의 두께가 얇은 경우(10cm) 침식활동 보다는 사면전체가 덩어리로 활동하는 양상이 관측되었는데, 사면의 활동시점은 침투선단이 사면의 바닥에 도달한 시점으로 확인되었다. 이 경우 침투선단이 사면의 바닥면에 도달하면서 사면의 바닥면과 토조면 상에서의 마찰저항의 감수 침투로 인한 토체의 중량 증가 등의 요인이 상호 복합적으로 사면활동에 작용하는 것으로 판단된다.

• 지질공학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2009

지표하 다공성매체에서 비정상상태의 유동을 해석하기 위한 종래의 수치적 모형들은 초기 건조한 토양으로의 강우로 인한 침투와 같은 한계적인 유입경계조건인 경우에 국지적 유동영역으로 인해 수치적 진동 및 불안정성을 초래한다. 이러한 경우 주로 공간적으로 세분된 격자와 작은 계산시간 간격을 요구하는데 이는 계산의 효율성을 떨어뜨린다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 유입 경계조건을 포함하는 비정상 상태의 지표하 유동해석을 위해 입자추적 알고리즘을 적용하여 불연속영역에서의 수치적 불안정성을 제거하고자 하였다. 즉, 수치적 안정성이 개선된 혼합 LE 유한요소기법을 제시하였다. 제시된 모형의 수치적 검증을 위해 비정상 균일 유동장과 불균일 유동장의 가상예제에 적용한 결과 해석해와 유사한 결과를 얻을 수 있었고 이를 토대로 함양 및 양수에 대한 3차원 가상유역 모의에 적용되었다. 본 연구에서 제시한 입자추적 알고리즘은 포화 및 불포화 다공성 매체의 유동을 보다 실질적으로 모의할 수 있으며 계산의 정확성 및 안정성에 크게 기여할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2013

A grid-based configuration of Land Surface Models (LSMs) coupled with a climate model can be advantageous in impact assessment of climate change for a large scale area. We assessed the applicability of Common Land Model (CoLM) to runoff and land surface temperature (LST) simulations at the domain that encompasses the Nakdong river basin. To establish a high resolution model configuration of a $1km{\times}1km$ grid size, both surface boundary condition and atmospheric inputs from the observed weather data in 2009 were adjusted to the same resolution. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) was collected from MODerate esolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the downward short wave flux was produced by a nonstationary multi-site weather state model. Compared with the observed runoffs at the stations on Nakdong river, simulated runoffs properly responded to rainfall. The spatial features and the seasonal variations of the domain fairly well were captured in the simulated LSTs as well. The monthly and seasonal trend of LST were described well compared to the observations, however, the monthly averaged simulated LST exceeded the observed up to $2^{\circ}C$ at the 24 stations. From the results of our study, it is shown that high resolution LSMs can be used to evaluate not only quantity but also quality of water resources as it can capture the geographical features of the area of interest and its rainfall-runoff response.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.678-687
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to understand the unique and complicated feature of urban stream receiving various inflows. The Yangjae stream, the second tier of the Han River, runs through the southern parts of Seoul, Korea and its middle part flows on the boundary of Seoul where land use is actively changing. Stream flow was greatly influenced by rainfall. Other than rainfall events, effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) comprised 51 % of stream flux. As a result, majority ions water chemistry was changed at the receiving zone of the discharged effluent (Zone A). Its contribution increased to 69.9 % at the second sampling period with low stream flow. In the middle zone, inflows from the northern area, recently developed to a residential district showed low $NO_3-N$ and high $HCO_3$, Ca, $SO_4$, and $SiO_2$ indicating the effects of groundwater and concrete. One inflow (T-8), with extremely high Na and Cl, median $SiO_2$, was assessed to have anthropogenic influence, however its contribution to main stream was under 1 %. Road construction near Y-13 also affected water chemistry leading to the highest Na and Cl concentration. These hydro chemical changes can be critically used to evaluate the changes in water budget and fate of chemicals in a peri-urban watershed occasioned by human activities on the Yangjae.