• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2024

This review paper provides a detailed analysis of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle recycling in Japan. Japan is a global leader in PET bottle recycling due to its advanced regulatory framework and proactive industry initiatives. Japan's success attributes to the widespread adoption of bottle-to-bottle recycling, driven by the beverage industry's commitment to sustainability. By utilizing post-consumer PET bottle recovery and food-grade mechanical recycling technologies, Japan has achieved significant milestones in PET bottle recycling. This paper examines regulatory frameworks, collection systems, reprocessing facilities, and food safety assessments to highlight Japan's innovative approaches to PET bottle recycling and their impact on global sustainability efforts. Drawing parallels with Korea's early stages of PET recycling, it suggests involving major beverage companies and re-evaluating regulations to promote bottle-to-bottle recycling. The focus is on the implications for Korea to promote circular economy principles in plastic recycling.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed the empty body weight and nominal volume of different types of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles commercialized in Korean market. Over 780 PET bottles were collected and classified into four types, heat resistance bottle, normal resistance bottle, pressure resistance bottle, and long period using bottle. Each PET bottle's lightness index was established using bottle weight and nominal volume. Based on the index value, "acceptable" and "optimum" criteria for design guideline of PET bottle were summarized for each PET bottle type. In this paper, we suggest the use of PET bottle lightness index as a design guideline for material resource reduction of PET bottle for Korean beverage industries and bottle makers. For example, we can achieve 2~4 g weight reduction in normal pressure bottle for 500 mL drinking water.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2019

Shrink film is currently being used for plastic container lavels to avoid the use of glue. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle lavels also use shrink films in the same PET materials for easy recycling of PET bottles. An air layer is generated between the shrink film and PET bottle surface due to the bent shape of the bottle surface. This air layer can insulate external heat, as air has a relatively lower thermal conductivity. In this study, the insulation property of the air layer was examined by computer simulation. Two PET bottle models were used, one with and the other without an air layer between the PET bottle surface and lavel. The two bottle models were filled with cold liquid and exposed to room temperature for 6 h, and the temperatures of the contents were then compared. The results showed that the temperature of the contents in the bottle with the air layer was lower than that without the air layer by at least $2^{\circ}C$. This study suggests an effective lavel design of PET bottles while ensuring that the temperature of the bottle contents is maintained.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.8 s.173
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• pp.71-75
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• 2005

This study has been focused on the development of automatic bottle air rinser. It is designed to rinse clean empty bottles prior to filling. The bottles are automatically indexed beneath an air nozzle that has both a clean airjet and vacuum source. The bottle is first given a burst of clean air to loosen any particles from the wall of the bottle. A vacuum sequence follows which removes all particulates into a self contained filter unit. In order to the provide the desired function, analysis is carried out by FEM simulation using FLUENT and CATIA software. The final results of analysis are applied to the design of automatic bottle rinser and the machine is successfully developed.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.205-214
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• 2022

Research on reducing the thickness of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is necessary to reduce the amount of plastic used. However, as decreasing a PET bottle's thickness weakens it, a robust bottle design is required. Therefore, in this study, we numerically analyzed various bottom designs of a carbonated soft drink PET bottle with 245 and 500 ml capacities and complicated petaloid shapes. Deformation, equivalent stress, maximum principal stress, and its direction according to each design were analyzed to study the strength of the bottle. The results serve as a reference to design robust petaloid PET bottle bottoms with a reduced thickness for carbonated soft drinks.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.883-902
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• 2008

The main results concern with the self maps on the Klein bottle. We obtain the Reidemeister numbers and the Nielsen numbers for all self maps on the Klein bottle. In terms of the Nielsen numbers of their iterates, we totally determine the minimal sets of periods for all homotopy classes of self maps on the Klein bottle.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

In this paper, we calculate the Nielsen numbers of periods for maps on the Klein bottle.

• The monthly packaging world
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• s.334
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• pp.90-93
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• 2021

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2013

Glass bottle lightness index has been used as a guideline for the lightness of glass bottle. In this study, we developed a glass bottle lightness index (L) by modifying Emhart's lightness index. Domestic and foreign glass bottle products were collected in Korean market and classified into two groups, returnable bottle and one way glass bottle. Emptied glass bottle weight and volume were measured and written product's content volume were recorded to calculate the L value. Based on L value, 'acceptable' and 'optimum' criteria for design guideline of glass bottle were established for both returnable and one way glass bottles. Many of one way glass bottles failed to meet acceptable criteria (L=1.0), while returnable glass bottles mostly satisfied acceptable range (L=1.4). Few of one way glass bottles were even heavier than returnable glass bottles. Generally lightness index (L) of small size drink glass bottles (100 ml) were above 1.0, while these of juice glass bottles (180 ml) were close to acceptable criteria. Most foreign sauce glass bottles met the acceptable level, however most domestic souse glass bottles failed to satisfy acceptable criteria. A few foreign beer glass bottles satisfied optimum criteria, while most domestic beer glass bottles were acceptable level. Our results reveal that domestic glass bottles are mostly heavier than foreign glass bottles. In this paper, we suggest the use glass bottle lightness index as a design guideline for material resource reduction of glass bottle for Korean food and beverage industries.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2010

Use of disuse resources like PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle as construction materials will make environment-friendly approach to more efficient recycling of resources. In this study, to utilize PET bottle as substitute by EPS (expanded polystyrene) block, uni-axial test was performed on PET bottle, and compressive strengths were respectively compared and analyzed depending on whether dry ice is added or not. As a result, it was confirmed that PET bottle (Geo-bottle) can be applied to the field as substitute for EPS block.