• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2006

The aim of this work was to prepare tenoxicam-ethanolamine salt with improved physicochemical properties for transdermal application. Tenoxicam-ethanolamine salt was prepared in methylene chloride and its physicochemical properties were investigated by DSC and FT-lR. The broad peak of tenoxicam around 3600-3200 $cm^-1$ was shifted to lower wavenumber and more broadened. The characteristic endothermic melting peak of tenoxicam appeared at $223^{\circ}C$. The melting peak of tenoxicam-ethanolamine salt was shifted to $159^{\circ}C$. In contrast to relatively small difference in the partition coefficients of tenoxicam and the tenoxicam-ethanolamine salt, large difference in aqueous solubility was observed. $Crovol^{\circledR}$ PK4O (PEG-12 palm kernel glycerides) provided the highest skin flux for both compounds. The order of the enhancing effect of the various vehicles tested was similar for tenoxicam and tenoxicam-ethanolamine salt, which indicated that their enhancing mechanism for tenoxicam and tenoxicam-ethanolamine salt is similar. Tenoxicam-ethanolamine salt had a higher skin flux than tenoxicam by 1.2- to 31.7-fold, depending on the vehicles used. It is suggested that the vehicles with medium HLB value, 1 double bond, and lower ethylene oxide chain length have a better ability to modify the permeability of the stratum corneum and to promote the effective penetration of tenoxicam and tenoxicam-ethanolamine salt.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of hand acupuncture on reduction of headache. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design. 45 middle school girls who complained of headache were selected as subjects. The study lasted from November 2002 to June 2003. There were 22 girls in the experimental group while 23 girls were control group; convenience assignment was used. The two groups were homogeneous on characteristics. The experimental group received hand acupuncture. The treatment was to puncture corresponding points (A33, B27, M1, I2) on both the palm and the back of a hand with disposable acupuncture needles, and then remove them after a 20-30 minutes recess during which the subjects reclined on a bed. The data were analyzed using the SPSS PC with Fisher's Exact -test, and Mann Whitney U-test. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) In the experimental group, objective pain decreased after hand acupuncture (U= -2.51, p= .01). As for the objective pain degree, a significant reduction in voice change was observed in the experimental groups (U= -2.35, p= .02). Facial expressional changes were observed (U= -1.87, p= .06) and perspiration degree (U= -.99, p= .32) has reduced. However, these differences were not statistically significant between the experimental and control group. 2) Subjective pain degree decreased after hand acupuncture in the experimental as compared to the control group. 3) No statistical significant difference in comfort (U= -.29, p= .78) or distress (U= -1.51, p= .13) between experimental and control group were found. Conclusion: These findings indicate that hand acupuncture is an effective method for reducing headache. Therefore, hand acupuncture can be considered as an independent nursing intervention for headache reduction.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.173-183
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the effect of Korean Medicine treatment on a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Methods : A 60-year-old woman who was diagnosed as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease was admitted with both lower and upper limbs weakness, difficulty in walking, palm pain and neck pain. The patient was treated with acupuncture, electroacupuncture, herbal medicine, cupping therapy and physical treatment from 2th September 2013 to 14th November 2013. Improvement of the patient's symptoms was evaluated by numeric rating scale(NRS), visual analog scale(VAS), SF-36 bodily pain and patient global assessment(PGA). Results : After treatment, pain Intensity evaluated by VAS was significantly decreased(from 7.2 to 2). Increased SF-36 bodily pain score(from 10 to 67.5) showed that patient's quality of life has been improved. Conclusions : These results suggest that Korean medicine treatment may be effective in reducing the symptoms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.466-469
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• 2016

External volume expansion of the recipient site by suction has been proposed as a way of improving fat graft survival. The objective of this study was to present an innovative and simple intraoperative external expansion system to enhance small-volume autologous fat grafting (40-80 mL) and to discuss its background and its mechanism of action. In this system, expansion is performed using a complete vacuum delivery system known as the Kiwi VAC-6000M with a PalmPump (Clinical Innovations). The recipient site is rapidly expanded intraoperatively 10 times for 30 seconds each with a negative pressure of up to 550 mm Hg before autologous fat injection. During this repetitive stimulation, the tissues become grossly expanded, developing macroscopic swelling that regresses slowly over the course of hours following the cessation of the stimulus. The system sets various mechanisms in motion, including scar release, mechanical stimulation, edema, ischemia, and inflammation, which provide an environment conducive for cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In order to maintain the graft construct in its expansive state, all patients are encouraged postoperatively to use the Kiwi three times daily for one minute per session over the course of three days. The handling of this system is simple for both the patients and the surgeon. Satisfactory clinical outcomes have been achieved without significant complications.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.683-690
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• 2017

Wood pellet (WP), empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) which are biomass fuels for power generation are selected to study the characteristics of torrefaction process. These biomass fuels are torrefied at $220^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$, and $280^{\circ}C$. The heating value of biomass fuels is increased depending on the torrefaction temperature. However, due to energy yield decline, it is not always desirable to torrefy biomass at higher temperature. Considering the mass yield and energy yield after torrefaction, the most proper temperature conditions for torrefaction of WP is $250-280^{\circ}C$ and for EFB, PKS are $220-250^{\circ}C$. Additionally, to investigate the phenomenons of chlorine release during torrefaction process, Ion Chromatography (IC) method was used. In the case of EFB and PKS torrefied at $300^{\circ}C$, the chlorine component has been reduced by 97.5% and 95.3% compared to the raw biomass, respectively. In conclusion, torrefied biomass can be used as alternative fuels in replacement of coals for both aspects of heating value and chlorine corrosion problems.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.700-711
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• 2017

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the impact of high-fat diets composed of different animal and vegetable fat sources on serum metabolic health markers in Japanese quail, as well as the overall lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the edible bird tissues following significantly increased dietary lipid supplementation. Methods: Fifty seven male quail were divided into six groups and fed either a standard diet or a diet enriched with one of five different fats (22% coconut oil, lard, palm oil, soybean oil, or sunflower oil) for 12 weeks. The birds were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test following the feeding period, after which they were euthanized and blood, liver, breast, and thigh muscle samples collected. Total fat content and fatty acid profiles of the tissue samples, as well as serum uric acid, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin concentrations were assessed. Results: High-fat diet feeding had no significant effects on the glucose tolerance of the birds. Dietary fatty acid profiles of the added fats were reflected in the lipid profiles of both the liver and breast and thigh muscle tissues, indicating successful transfer of dietary fatty acids to the edible bird tissues. The significantly increased level of lipid inclusion in the diets of the quail used in the present study was unsuccessful in increasing the overall lipid content of the edible bird tissues. Serum metabolic health markers in birds on the high-fat diets were not significantly different from those observed in birds on the standard diet. Conclusion: Thus, despite the various high-fat diets modifying the fatty acid profile of the birds' tissues, unlike in most mammals, the birds maintained a normal health status following consumption of the various high-fat diets.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2005

Objective: We evaluate temporal correlations between postoperative symptomatic and electrophysiological improvements, and assessed the recovery time required for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) before returning to routine activities. Methods: 30 CTS patients were treated via the endoscopic monoportal approach, from March 2001 to September 2003. We assessed the symptoms (hyperesthesia in the finger tips, or abnormal sensations and painful numbness or night pain) and electrophysiological changes in the preoperative state, 1 month and 6 months after surgery. We marked the times at which patients became able to return to activities of daily living and work, after undergoing endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Results: At the end of the follow-up period, high levels of achievement and good outcomes were observed, with respect to both the symptoms and electrophysiological studies. We discovered significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative periods, especially in terms of motor nerve onset latency from $4.50{\pm}1.43$ to $3.97{\pm}0.69$ and sensory nerve conduction velocity, the wrist-to-finger from $19.81{\pm}10.03$ to $28.18{\pm}11.01$ and wrist-to-palm from $23.34{\pm}13.40$ to $31.79{\pm}13.38$(P<0.05 for each comparison). The average time interval required before return to activities of daily living was 26.4 days, and time interval required before return to work was 48.08 days. Conclusion: Electrophysiological improvements are largely consistent with symptomatic relief, but there is some disparity between electrophysiological and symptomatic improvement.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 1997

A new bioelectrical impedance method has been developed and evaluated. The electrodes; were made of stainless steel and electrical interfaces were created by an upright subject gripping hand electrodes and stepping onto foot electrodes. Eight tactile electrodes were in contact with surfaces of both hands and feet; thumb, palm and fingers, front sole, and rear sole. Automatic on-off switches were used to change current pathways and to measure voltage differences for target segments. Segmental body resistances and whole body resistance(RWHOLE)were measured in 60 healthy subjects. Segmental resistances of right arm(RRA), left arm(RLA), trunk(RT), right leg(RRL) and left leg(RLL)were310.0$\pm$61.6$\Omega$, 316.9$\pm$64.6$\Omega$, 25.1$\pm$3.4$\Omega$, 236.8$\pm$31.2$\Omega$ and 237.6$\pm$30.4$\Omega$, respectively. Individual segmental impedance indexes(Ht2/RRA, Ht2/RT, and Ht2 /RLA) were closely related to lean body mass(LBM)as measured by densitometry ranged from r=0.925 to 0.960. Ht2/(RRA+RT+RLA) predicted LBM slightly better(r=0.969) than the traditional index, Ht2/RWHOLE(r=0.964), supporting the accuracy of the segmental measurement. A multiple regression equation utilizing Ht2/RRA, Ht2/RT and Ht2/RRL predicted LBM with r=0.971. Ht2/RRA term of the regression contributed to more than 40$\%$ of the LBM prediction, indicating that lean mass of arm represented whole body LBM more closely than other body segments. The new bioimpedance method was characterized by upright posture, eight tactile electrodes, segmental measurements and utilization of electronic switches in comparison with the traditional method. The measurement with this new method was extremely reproducible, quick and easy to use.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2000

The Ulmi corex extract was prepared using various solvents to investigate the availability as a natural antioxidant. The extracts were added to lard emulsion and the antioxidant activities were compared. The extract that had a greater antioxidant activity was fractionized. Then the antioxidant activity and substrate specificity of the fraction were examined and optimum concentration of addition was determined. To observe the antioxidative effect of the fraction in vivo, an inhibition rate of lipid peroxidation from which might be derived was measured using a microsome in rat's liver. Among the extracts of Ulmi cortex, the extract from water had the best antioxidant activity, and the addition of 0.05% (w/w) of ethyl acetate fraction showed similar antioxidant activity to a synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA). Ethyl acetate fraction (0.05%, w/w) also presented the antioxidative effect in lard, soybean oil, palm oil, and com oil. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liver microsome showed feater in the ethyl acetate fraction than caffeic acid in both nonenzymatic peroxidation (Fe$\^$++/ascorbate system) and enzymatic peroxidation (Fe$\^$++/-ADP/NaDPH system).

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of hand acupuncture for reduction of dysmenorrhea. 71 female middle school and high school students were selected as subjects from April to May 2001, among which 38 students consisted of the experimental group while 22 students were the control group by convenient assignment. The experimental group participated in hand acupuncture treatment. The experimental treatment was to puncture corresponding points(A4, A5, J1, J3, J23, H2, F7) on both the palm and back of a hand with disposable acupuncture needles and to remove needles after 20-30 minutes' recess during which the subjects reposed themselves on bed. The collected data were processed using the SPSS PC Program and analyzed using $X^2test$ and The results of this study were as follows 1. The symptoms of premenstrual syndrome have decreased, but no significant differences were statistically observed between hand-acupunctured group and non-hand acupunctured group. 2. Subjective pain degree has decreased after hand acupuncture. 3. As for objective pain degree, a significant reduction in voice change was observed between two groups. Facial expressional changes and perspiration degree reduced but showed no significant statistically changes between two groups. 4. Comfort has increased after hand acupuncture. These results suggest that the hand acupuncture therapy works effectively on easing menstrual pain and symptoms as well as partially on reducing discomfort. It is particularly efficacious for a reduction in subjective pain and facial expressional changes in positive respect. Therefore the hand acupuncture therapy can be considered as an independent nursing intervention for dysmenorrhea reduction.