• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.415-425
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on the metabolic changes of Ca and skeletons in postmenopausal women, using ovariecotomized rats as an animal model. The female rats of 200∼250g were fed either 8%(L) or 50%(H) casein diet for 15 weeks(1st experiment). At 15th week, the rats of each diet group were undergone ovariectomy or sham-operation and they were continued to feed the same experimantal diet for 9 more months(2nd experiment). Ca metabolism, kidney function and bone composition were determined at the end of 1st experiment, 3rd and 9th month of 2nd experiment. After 1st experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion, however, there was no difference in GFR and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The weights, ash and Ca content of femur, scapular and vertebra tended to be higher in high protein groups which tells that high protein promoted skeletal growth. In 2nd experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion and lower Ca absorption and balance. GFR was not affected by dietary protein and ovariectomy but increased with time, as well as kidney weight which shows the continuous development of kidney at this age of 15 month in rats. There were no difference in urinary hydroxyproline, serum ALP, and PTH among experimental groups. The weights of femur, scapular, 4th vertebra increased with time, showing the skeleton continues to grow at this age in rats. However, Ca contents, Ca/wt, Ca/ash were decreased with time and tended to be lower in high protein group especially in femur. In conclusion, prolonged feeding of high protein diet deteriorated Ca metabolism and induced bone loss as time after menopause is extended.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.495-505
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• 2006

In this study we evaluate the effects of bFGF-BB and PDGF on in vitro proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from rat. MSCs were prepared from the bone marrow of 6 or 7-week-old male rats with a technique previously described by Maniatopoulos et al. in 1988. Lineage differentiation to osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and adipogenesis were performed. At first, we characterized the cultured cell on passage 1, 3, 5, 7 with immunocytochemical staining using CD29, 44, 34, 45, ${\alpha}$-SMA and type I collagen. And to study the effects of bFGF and PDGF-BB on proliferation, differentiation and mineralization, we seeded the expanded cell at a density of 6 $6{\times}10^3\;cells/cm^2$ to 100-mm dish for evaluation of cell proliferation and MTT assay was carried out on day 2, 4, 7, 9. We also resuspended the cells with same density $(6{\times}10^3\;cells/cm^2)$ to 24 well plates for subculture. On the following day, the attached cells were exposed to 2.5ng/ml bFGF and/or 25ng/ml PDGF-BB daily during 5 days. The osteocalcin (OC) level was assessed and mineral contents were evaluated with alizarin red S staining on subculture day 2, 7, 14, 21. We identified the mesenchymal stem cell from the bone marrow derived cells of rat through their successful multi-differentiation and stable display of its phenotype. And bFGF and PDGF-BB showed the effect that inhibited osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization mildly in above concentration at in vitro culture. This study was supported by grant 04-2004-0120 from the Seoul National University Hospital Research Fund.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.228-235
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• 2009

As we recognize the health care, test of BMD is increased. There are various methods in BMD, Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) which has high precision and accuracy, and low medical exposure dose has been widely used. To measure the changes of BMD, the test must be done as same posture at first and follow up study performed a year. we analyze the difference in the hour taken before and after the examination by radiologic technologist, frequency of scout scan, and the amount of the radiation exposure. The hour of the examination and frequency of the scout scan were shorten and the dose of the radiation exposure is reduced. As the numerical value of total subjects is converted into that of one person, the duration for the test was 52 seconds, the frequency for the scout scan 0.79 time, and the dose for the radiation exposure $13{\mu}Sv$. When the health care provider perform the precise and easy methods to minimize changes of posture and the skillful ability to manage the test, useless radiation is decreased.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.198-203
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• 2011

The BMD difference depending on QCT and QUS, whose usages are recently being increased for the test of BMD, was accessed for 106 subjects of a general health examination who were aged between 24~69 year-old and results were derived as follows. The measured value of BMD by QCT and QUS showed significant correlation in general (p>0.05). In terms of the difference generated between the measurement methods depending on sexes, the female subjects showed significantly low T-score in the test made through QUS (p<0.05). Depending on ages, there was T-score difference among the subjects aged more than 40 year-old within significant range (p<0.05). When it came to the effect depending on heights and on weights, no group showed significant difference and in a group with less than 22.9 of BMI value, the T-score was measured significantly low when testing it through QCT while other groups were not affected by any testing methods. Likewise, it may require a different measurement method when it comes to the measurement of bone mineral density depending on sex, age, height, and BMI among patients. Thus, it suggests obtaining accurate data by conducting various testing methods in case of a special occasion.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the cadmium contents of bone and on the calcium and phosphorous contents of the blood, urine and feces. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. The cadmium poisoned groups consisted of a vitamin E free diet (Cd-0E) group; a 40 mg vitamin E /kg diet (Cd-40E) group; and a 400 mg/kg diet (Cd-400E) group. Experimental animals were maintained on their respective diets for 20 weeks and were simultaneously administered 50 ppm $Cd^{2+}$ dissolved in the drinking water. At the end of the trial, the average hematocrit value in the Cd-0E group was 28.13% lower than in the normal group. However, the average hematocrit value in the Cd-400E group was significantly higher than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. WBC levels in the cadmium-poisoned groups were lower than in the normal group, but Cd-400E group levels were significantly higher than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. The contents of calcium of tibia has no significant difference between normal group and cadmium exposed group at $10^{th}$ week After 20 weeks, the calcium contents of the tibia in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were lower than in the normal group by 25.5% and 22.1 %, respectively, although the calcium contents of the tibia in the Cd-400E group were higher than in the normal group. After 10 weeks, the calcium contents of the femur in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were 19.25% and 15.45% lower than in the normal group, respectively, but the calcium contents of the femur in the Cd-400E group were at the same levels as in the normal group. The levels of calcium in the femur after 20 weeks were similar to the 10-week levels. Calcium levels of the urine in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were 3.92 fold and 2.92 fold higher, respectively, than in the normal group, but levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly lower than in either the Cd-0E group or the Cd-40E group. Calcium levels of the feces in cadmium-poisoned groups were significantly higher than in the normal group, although levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly lower than in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups. Phosphorous levels of the blood in the Cd-0E group were 17% lower than in the normal group, although levels in the Cd-400E group were significantly higher than in the Cd-0E group. Phosphorous levels of the urine in the Cd-0E and Cd-40E groups were significantly higher than in the normal group, while Cd-400E group levels were found to be at the same level as in the normal group. Cadmium contents of the tibia in the Cd-40E and Cd-400E groups were 13% and 17% lower, respectively, than in the Cd-0E group. Regarding cadmium levels in the femur, only the Cd-400E group achieved lower levels (10% lower) than the Cd-0E group. In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation resulted in a suppression of the release of calcium from bone, and a reduction in the excretion of calcium via the urine and feces, thus having a normalizing effect on calcium metabolism in rats with chronic cadmium poisoning.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of 12 weeks rope jumping and Swiss ball exercise (55 to 75% HRR: 3 times a week) on body composition and bone formation markers in young children. Forty eight participants were divided into two groups, the exercise group (n=24) and the control group (n=24). All items were assesed before and after exercise program. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Body composition: In the comparison of mean changes before and after exercise program execution on body composition within each group, the exercise group showed significant increases in height, weight, fat mass and %fat. The control group showed significant increases in all items. The interaction effect between groups and time didn't appear a significant difference. 2. Osteocalcin: In the comparison of mean changes before and after exercise program execution in osteocalcin within each group, the exercise group didn't appear a significant change and the control group were significantly decreased in girl children. The interaction effect between groups and time didn't appear a significant difference. 3. Alkaline phosphatase: In the comparison of mean changes before and after exercise program in Alkaline phosphatase within each group didn't appear a significant difference in exercise group and control group. The interaction effect between groups and time showed a significant difference. In conclusion, for young children in the stage of the formation of bone mineral contents, rope jumping and Swiss ball exercise are postive effect in promoting their growth and bone health, but osteocalcin concentration did not changes. Thus, further research is required to consider intensity and duration of exercise on bone formation markers of young children's.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2014

This study aims to make stock using cod bones with the hot water extraction method. Moisture content, chromaticity, pH, salinity, sugar content, mineral contents, quantitative analysis, and overall acceptance were studied to determine the standard formula. The results are as follows. The moisture content decreased (p < 0.001) and color value increased as heating time increased. The pH was highest in CS5 which was heated for 30 minutes and lowest in CS1. The salinity and sugar content significantly increased with more heating time (p < 0.001). In terms of mineral contents, sodium was highest in 138.87~154.17 mg, magnesium and iron showed proportion difference with increased heating time. The mineral analysis test result revealed that sodium, magnesium and iron showed proportional difference with increased heating time, while potassium and calcium did not change. The result of quantitative analysis test showed transparency, fishy smell, delicate flavor, savory flavor, salt taste and umami taste became stronger as high-pressure heating time increased. From these result, CS4 was evaluated to be the best in appearance, flavor, taste, aftertest and overall acceptance. Also, 60 minute high-pressure heating time is the most desirable to produce stock using cod bones as a main ingredient.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to bone mineral contents (BMC) at os calcis of adolescents. The subjects were 604 students (327 boys and 277 girls) between 7th and 9th grade in Seoul, Korea. The mean age was 14.2 ${\pm}$ 0.9 years. General characteristics were collected by a questionnaire, bone mineral contents (BMC) were measured in os calcis by Duel Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (PIXI, General Electronics, USA) and height and weight were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis method (Inbody 4.0, Biospace Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea). Mean BMC of os calsis were 2.241 g. Height (p <.0001), weight (p <.0001I), BMC (p <.0001I) ofboys were higher than those of girls. Percent body fat of girls, however, was higher than that of boys (p <.0001). Anthropometric measurement, pocket money, sibling, experience of fracture, pubertal stage, intake of supplements, physical or outdoors activity, and eating habit had significant influence on BMC of boys. Anthropometric measurement, physical or outdoors activity, and eating habit had significant influence on BMC of girls. Multivariate regression with adjustment for sex and age showed that BMC was associated positively with height, BMI, frequency of regular activity, and intake of spinach or radish leaves (all p <0.05), and negatively with percent body fat (p <.0000 and Korean traditional diet pattern (p = 0.01). On the basis of these results, it is recommended to develop nutrition education and physical activity program for adolescents to improve BMC and prevent osteoporosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1126-1137
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• 2020

Objective: Pellet durability, particle size distribution, growth response, tibia bone characteristics and energy retention were measured to evaluate cassava as an alternative energy source to replace maize in broiler diets with or without Ronozyme (A+VP) enzyme composites. Methods: A total of 480 one-day broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 8 treatments in a 4×2 factorial arrangement. Four levels of cassava: (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) and 2 levels of enzymes (0 and 500 g/tonne) were used. Each treatment was replicated six times, with ten birds per replicate. Results: The particle size distribution in the diets showed an increasing trend of small particles with increase in cassava level. Pellet durability decreased (p<0.05) with cassava inclusion. Feed intake was highest in birds fed diets with medium cassava level at 1 to 24 d and 1 to 35 d of age. The body weight gain of birds reduced (p<0.037) as cassava level increased, but it increased (p<0.017 when enzymes were added. The feed conversion ratio was high (p<0.05) when cassava level was increased, but it reduced (p<0.05) when enzymes were added. The dressing percentage (DP), and weight of drumsticks reduced (p<0.05) with increasing cassava level. Enzyme supplementation increased (p<0.05) DP, and weight of breast, thighs and drumsticks. Ash content, weight, length, width, and bone strength decreased (p<0.05) when cassava level was increased, however, they were increased with enzyme addition. The contents of Ca, K, and Zn were raised (p<0.001) with increasing cassava level. Enzyme inclusion increased (p<0.001) all mineral contents in tibia bones. Body fat and energy retained as fat decreased (p<0.001) as cassava level increased. Enzyme inclusion increased (p<0.05) body protein content and energy retained as protein. Conclusion: Although broiler performance was depressed by high levels of cassava inclusion, it was not affected by low levels, which further improved by enzyme supplementation.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.569-578
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of chitosan on cadmium(Cd) toxicity and mineral metabolism in rats exposed to cadmium by oral administration. Six week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. Four groups were fed AIN-93G based 3% ${\alpha}$-cellulose diets while the others were fed 3% chitosan diets for four weeks with oral administration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg Cd/2ml distilled water three times a week, respectively. Cd contents in the serum, liver, kidney, testis and bone, and the excretion of cadmium in feces were determined. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among groups. Cadmium contents in the serum, liver, kidney, testis, femur and lumbar were significantly increased in proportion to the administration level of Cd (p<0.05). A protective effect of chitosan on cadmium toxicity in tissue was shown only in the high level cadmium-intake group. The fecal excretion, absorption of Cd were increased by the administration levels of cadmium. These results suggest that Cd administration may facilitate the accumulation of Cd in the blood and tissue in proportion to the amount of administration, and also, that chitosan may be effective in lowering the accumulation of cadmium.