• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.270-274
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• 2018

Background: Nasal bone fractures occur frequently because the nasal bone is located at the forefront of the face. The goal of this study was to examine the cause, change in severity, change in incidence, and demographics of nasal bone fracture according to today's lifestyle. Methods: A total of 2,092 patients diagnosed as having nasal bone fractures at our department between 2002 and 2017 were included in this study. We retrospectively examined patients' medical records to extract information regarding age, sex, cause of injury, combined facial bone fractures, and related injuries such as skull base fracture, spinal cord injury, brain hemorrhage, and other bone fractures. Fracture severity was classified by nasal bone fracture type. Results: No statistically significant difference was found in annual number of patients treated for nasal bone fracture. The proportion of patients who underwent closed reduction was significantly decreased over time for those with nasal bone fractures caused by traffic accidents. However, it was not significantly changed for those with nasal bone fractures due to other causes. The number of patients with combined facial bone fractures increased over time. Incidences of severe nasal bone fracture also increased over time. Conclusion: The study suggested that there is a decrease in the frequency and increase in the severity of nasal bone fracture due to traffic accident. Many protective devices prevent nasal bone fractures caused by a small amount of external force; however, these devices are not effective against higher amounts of external force. This study highlights the importance of preoperative thorough evaluation to manage patients with nasal bone fractures due to traffic accident.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.775-782
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• 2011

Purpose: Nasal bone fracture is most common facial bone fracture. The cause of fractures is mainly trauma such as fighting, automobile accident and fall down, and it commonly involves young males. Very frequently nasal bone fractures are associated with other facial injuries such as orbital bone fracture, maxillary bone fracture and nasal septal deformities. Because of various dynamic directions of power are involved, phenomenon of fractures are also various and treatment cannot be simple. Methods: We studied and analyzed retrospectively 452 cases nasal bone fractures from January 2008 to December 2010. Diagnosis were made with physical examination, Nasal bone X-rays, Facial bone CT and 3D facial bone CT. Four surgeons are involved in treatments of these patients and applied different procedure along patient's condition and deformity. We analyzed the cause of nasal bone fractures, deformities, associate injuries and applied surgical technique, and patient's satisfaction rate. In this study, old nasal bone fractures were excluded. Results: Young male group was most commonly sustained nasal bone fracture and physical violence was most common cause of injury. 64 of 452 patient was involved associate injuries of face. Closed reduction were applied 246 cases and C-arm quide reduction were 167 cases and in 20 cases lateral osteotomy were applied. Approximately, more than 80% of the Patients were satisfied with the outcomes. Conclusion: Diagnosis and treatment of nasal bone fractures are considered simple but because of various deformity and associate injuries, treatment is not always simple and universal. Time to time, we face unsatisfied patient after treatment of nasal bone fractures. For obtaining satisfactory result, cause of injury and state of deformities and associate injuries such as nasal septal deformity should be evaluated properly and proper treatment should be applied.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.455-460
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• 2007

Purpose: Aging society was realized after persons over 65 was rated above 7% in 2000. It is inevitable fact that society gets older. Few study about facial bone fracture in elderly was reported until now. This study provides a retrospective statistical analysis of facial bone fracture and reports of some demographical information from medical records. Methods: From January 2000 to December 2005, 123 cases of facial bone fracture in above 55 year-old persons were reviewed and analysed. Statistic data was related to distribution, age, sex, causes, occupations, occurrence, time, incidence of facial bone fracture, treatment and it's complications. Results: Facial bone fractures in elderly tend to increase and rated to 4.7%. Facial bone fractures in elderly were most frequently occurred in farmers, cultivator accidents and zygoma fractures. A few minor complications were checked, but easily improved. Conclusion: Facial bone fractures in elderly have small proportion of the whole facial bone fractures, but gradually have been increased. This study was observed trends in changes of facial bone fracture in elderly for 5 years and expected to provide statistical index to prevent facial bone fracture in elderly.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2022

A dog aged two years and seven months and a cat aged seven years were referred owing to fractures of long bones. Preoperative radiographs revealed comminuted bone fractures close to joints. Conventionally, long-bone fractures are treated using intramedullary pins, plate and screw systems, or an external fixator system. In cases of non-reducible fractures, various graft materials have been used in fracture treatments to stimulate bone repair. Here, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and a collagen membrane were applied. Four weeks after surgery, fractured bone fragments began to unite and the bone union was observed using radiography four months after surgery. No complications occurred related to grafted materials. We successfully applied rhBMP-2 and collagen membranes in two different species to support the healing process of comminuted fractures, according to the concept of guided bone regeneration.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1989

This is a series of continuing research on facial bone fractures of Koreans worked by Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Dental College of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, since 1972. The study was based on a series of 630 patients with facial bone fractures treated as in-patient at Yonsei Medical Center, Yonsei University, during the period of Jan., 1982 through Dec., 1987. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The ratio of Men to Women was 4.3 : 1, and admissions for facial bone fractures have been increased year after 1984. 2. The age frequency was highest in the third decade(38.3%), and fourth, second, fifth decade in orders. 3. The traffic accident was the most frequent cause of facial bone fractures (51.3%). 4. The most common location of facial bone fractures was the Mandible(35.3%), and Zygoma complex(29.8%), Nasal bone(15.0%), Maxilla(11.0%) were next in order of frequency. 5. In 291 patients of Mandible fractures, 226(77.7%) had fractures only in Mandible and 65(22.3%) had another facial bone fractures. The most frequent fracture site of Mandible was the Symphysis(43.0%) and Angle(22.4%), and Simple fracture was the most frequent in type of fracture(66.9%). Intermaxillary fixatin & Open reduction was major method of treatment(36.9%). 6. In 394 patients of Midface fractures 323)82.0%) had fractures only in Midface and 71(18.0%) had another facial bone fractures. The most frequent site of Midface fractures was zygoma complex & zygomatic arch(42.7%), and Simple fracture was the most common type of fractures. Observation(Maxilla :44.2%, Zygoma :51.0%) and Open Reduction(Maxilla :20.0%. Zygoma :23.5%) were the major method of treatment. 7. The frequency of Nasal bone fracture was about 1/5 of Midface fractures, and Closed Reduction(45.2%) was the major method of treatment. 8. The complication was reported in only 16 patients, and Malunion was the major complication. 9. Head(44.4%), Lower extrimities(14.5%) and Eye(12.3%) were injured commonly with facial bone fractures. 10. The elapsed time from injury to hospital was within 24 hours in 73.8% of patients, however 15.5% of patients arrived the hospital 72 hours after injury.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2012

Purpose: Statistical analysis of facial bone fractures has been performed in various papers. However, reports on risk factors for facial bone fractures are rare. In order to prevent facial bone fractures, it is important to determine the risk factors for their occurrence. This study seeks to perform a statistical analysis on and identify the risk factors associated with facial bone fractures. Methods: A retrospective study was performed to assess facial bone fractures in patients presenting from October 2009 to January 2011 through a chart review. The data collected included age, gender, etiology, and alcohol consumption. Data was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. The significance level was set at p<0.05 and SAS ver. 9.2 was used. Results: A total of 489 patients were analyzed. The patients' age ranged from 2 to 85 years (mean age, $31.8{\pm}15.4$ years). The ratio of men to women was 5.0:1. The predominant group was age below 19 years old (30.9%). The main causes of facial bone fractures were assaults (37.8%), falls (27.2%), and sport accidents (19.5%). On multinomial logistic regression analysis, age, especially in the teen group was associated with assaults (p<0.05) resulting in facial bone fractures. Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with assaults and falls (p<0.05) leading to facial bone fractures. Conclusion: Facial bone fracture is a challenging problem, because of its high incidence and financial cost. The findings of this study indicate that more effective policies aimed at reducing alcohol intake and teenage violence are needed.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1989

This is a retrospective study on facial bone fractures of Koreans. This study was based on a series of 110 patients who had been treated for facial bone fractures as in-patient at Guro Hospital, School of Medicine, Korea University for the period of September, 1984. to August, 1988. The results were obtained as follows : 1. 2nd decade(42.7%) was the highest age group in incidence, and age range was 2 years to 72 years, and the ration of Male/Female was 3.7 : 1. 2. Falling was most frequent cause of facial bone fractures(40.9%) 3. The frequent location of facial bone fractures were mandibule(67.1%), zygoma & zygomatic arch(11.7%), maxilla(10.9%), and others in order. 4. In mandibular fractures, one site fractures showed 30.1% and two site fractures showed 58.8% and triple site fractures showed 11.1%. The most frequent site of mandibular fracture was symphysis(32.7%) 5. The most frequent month of facial bone fracture was September.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2005

The proper management of the pediatric facial bone fracture is critical in the facial bone development. This study characterizes the surgically treated patient population suffering from facial bone fractures by the use of current data from a large series consisting of 201 cases. The data was gathered through a retrospective chart review of patients surgically treated for facial bone fractures at the department of plastic and reconstructive surgery, Sanggye Paik hospital, Inje university medical center, collected over 10-years period from January, 1993 to December, 2002. Data regarding patient demographics(age, sex), seasonal distribution, location of fractures, and the causes of injury with admission periods, were collected. In total, there were 201cases of pediatric facial bone fractures. Male patients outnumbered female patients by a 5.48: 1 ratio and were found to engage in a wider range of behaviors that resulted in facial bone fractures. Physical violence was the leading cause of pediatric facial bone fractures(27.9%), followed by sports-related mechanisms (22.9%) and falling down(17.9%). The most prevalent age group was 11-15 years-old(71.1%) and there was a 14.3% prevalence in March. Among the location of fractures, the nasal bone was the most prevalent, accounting for 82.3% of injuries, followed by the orbit(9.95%), and the mandible fractures(7.5%). Most patients(59.7%) were treated within 6-9 days after trauma and the mean hospitalization period was 8-11 days. We should follow up the surgically treated patients, and they will be further evaluated about postoperative sequele and effect on the facial bone development. These studies demonstrate differences in the demographics and clinical presentation that, if applied to patients, will enable a more accurate diagnosis and proper management.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.190-193
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• 2018

Background: This study was conducted to determine the effect of the distributional relationship between dental roots and the mandibular bone on single mandibular bone fractures, which are common craniofacial fractures. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center study in Seoul, Korea. Patients with single mandibular fractures in the symphysis, parasymphysis, body, and angle area, with tooth structure involvement were included. The control group included patients with simple, bone-level lacerations without fractures. In total, 94 patients (72 males and 22 females) were included in the treatment group, and 125 (71 males and 54 females) were included in the control group. The height of the mandibular bone and the dental root were measured with panoramic radiography. The central incisor represented the symphysis area, the canine represented the parasymphysis area, the first molar represented the body area, and the second molar represented the angle area. Results: In the treatment group, symphysis fractures occurred in 16 patients (17%), parasymphysis fractures in 36 patients (38%), body fractures in 17 patients (18%), and angle fractures in 25 patients (27%). The ratios of the dental roots to the total height of the mandibular bone in the treatment group were 30.35%, 39.75%, 39.53%, and 36.27% for symphysis, parasymphysis, body, and angle areas, respectively, whereas in the control group, they were 27.73%, 39.70%, 36.76%, and 35.48%. The ratios of the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Conclusion: The results show that the higher ratio of the dental root to the height of the mandibular bone increases the fracture risk.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.419-427
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• 1994

Because of the prominence of the nose and its central location, it is the most frequently encountered fractures in the face. Yet reports about the nasal bone fractures are virtually rare in the oral and maxillofacial surgical literatures. This is a retrospective study on 19 nasal bone fractures treated in Chosun university hospital Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery from Jan. 1991 to Sep. 1993, under admission to our Dept. and the obtained results were as follows. 1. Of the 240 patients with facial bone fractures, 28 patients suffered nasal fractures(12%) and male to female ratio was 5.3:1. 2. The most frequent cause was traffic accidents(39%)m, the next fall down(36%), first blow(4%). 3. The age frequency was the highest in the fifth decade (32%). 4. Clinical classification of nasal fractures was simple fractures(74%), combined fractures(26%), and single fractures(37%), combined fractures(63%). 5. The most frequently combined site was maxilla(50%). 6. Treatments of nasal fractures were closed reduction(63%), open reduction(5%), and secondary rhinoplasty(32%). 7. The initial treatment time from accident was 1.7 days in single fractures, and 3.5 days in combined fractures, and the period of splint retained was about 8.2 days in single fracture, about 8.7 in combined fracture. 8. It was necessary to treat secondarily in delayed treatment, and all treatment methods showed relatively good prognosis. 9. Closed reduction was treated under local anesthesia, but open reduction & secondary rhinoplasty was treated under general anesthesia except 1 case. 10. The complications were disturbance of swellings 5 cases, ethetic problem 5 cases, epiphora 3 cases, abnormal sensation 6 cases in relation with other fractures.