• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.77-92
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• 2004

Global Electronic Trading means that trading partners trade each other via Global Electronic Trading Network, that is, global business to business electronic commerce. Electronic payment systems are how to make payment electronically in manner that is efficient, reliable, and secure. I suggest the Electronic payment systems such as TradeCard and SWIFT enable seller and buyer to conduct and settle international B2B electronic commerce in case of solving the above problems. And, where the cargo arrives ahead of the B/L, the importer cannot take delivery of the cargo without the B/L. This situation is referred to as the B/L dilemma. But the BOLERO system will resolve this B/L dilemma. Bolero Project is developing a cross industry utility platform for the secure, electronic transfer of commercial trade information world wide.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.30
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• pp.27-58
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify key obstacles to the adoption of electronic bill of lading and to suggest an effective way to promote the utilization of electronic bill of lading in international trade field. This study finds that all the respondants have not used 'true' electronic bill of lading that is issued and distributed electronically, and most of them agreed the needs of e-B/L adoption, but their intentions to adopt e-B/L remain very low in the present situation. Five obstacles to the adoption of e-B/L were derived from an explanatory factor analysis: 'integration' factor, 'law institution' factor, 'usability' factor, 'economic efficiency' factor, and 'security' factor. Solutions to promote the utilization of e-B/L in international trade field are as follows; Firstly, to endow e-B/L with the legal force through amending relevant laws including the commercial law. Secondly, to conclude the relevant international agreement, and to carry out joint projects between nations are needed. Thirdly, to conduct publicity campaigns is required to increase the understanding of the concepts and benefits of e-B/L to all concerned parties. Fourthly, stable and reliable system must be constructed with high level security. Fifthly, to readjust the service fee of e-B/L system to a realistic level is to be needed in order for user companies to use e-B/L service.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.67-95
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• 2000

Owing to the Boero Service, Global Trading will be materialized as international Business to Business E-Commerce. There are three principles in the letter of credit transaction, that is to say, independence and abstraction, document dealing, strict compliance. In the electronic letter of credit, these principles are called as independence and abstraction, electronic document dealing, strict compliance. As a joint venture between SWIFT and TT Club, bolero.net is changing the way the world trades by providing a web-based, paperless mode of commerce that is designed to become a global standard. As bolero.net supplies the service of the title registry resolves the problem of Electronic Bill of Lading, the electronic letter of credit will be easily introduced. Thus, this study deals with the Nature of the Electronic Letter of Credit Transaction and the Presentation of the Documents, in particular, the Bolero Bill of Lading.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.149-168
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• 2007

e-Trade Payment system has been transformed by quickly and effectively. The e-trade Payment system such as TradeCard System, Bolero Surf, Identrus Eleanor and e-Escrow and e-letter of Credit issued by SWIFT System enable partly sellers, buyers and service providers. This paper studies for SWIFT, Surf, TradeCard, Eleanor, e-Escrow as international trade payment, As reason following : The First, Bolero is a neutral secure platform enabling paperless trading between exporter, importer, and their logistics service and bank partners, insurance company. The Second, TradeCard is to manage procurement-to-payment worldwide, that is exporter, importer and connected partners, paperless platform. The Third, Identrus is the global leader in trusted identity solutions, recognized by global financial institutions, commercial organizations and bank partners around the world. The Forth, Escrow payment have effect to L/C issue and enter into electronic contracts in internet bank. Trader practice use Escrow Bank as the same bank that rules to Issuing Bank and Advising Bank and payment, acceptance. This paper of these electronic payment have studies new international trade payment to approach such as eUCP rules and TradeCard System, Surf of bolero, eleanor of Identrus, SWIFT.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.227-245
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• 2014

It was ten yeas ago that Bolero Bill of Lading was been introduced on the base of efforts of UN and CMI to solve the crisis of Bill of Lading, but Electronic Bill of Lading is not utilized in practice owing to the problems to be settled. Bolero Bill of Lading is not in widespread use owing to absence of collaboration model between Bolero and e-Trade service providers in each nation in the early stage. In the situation that Bolero Bill of Lading is not utilized in practice, Korean Commercial Law regulates the designation of the registration authority of Electronic Bill of Lading. Therefore, the Minister of Justice designated KTNET as Registration Authority of Electronic Bill of Lading and KTNET opened the e-B/L Korea (www.eblkorea.or.kr) to provide the Electronic Bill of Lading service to domestic trade community. But there is many problems in supplying the Electronic Bill of Lading service by the e-B/L Korea in compared with Bolero Bill of Lading. These problems are related with the characteristics of designation of Registration authority of Electronic Bill of Lading. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to contribute to the activation of Electronic Bill of Lading domestically by studying the designation of Registration authority of Electronic Bill of Lading in Korea and finding the characteristics of the designation and the issues and problems regarding the characteristics.

• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.12a
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• pp.27-53
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• 2006

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-119
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• 2002

This research purposes on comparing some e-trailing models in character and presenting the obstacles of e-trailing activation and the solutions, e-trailing models this research has studied are 1) Bolero, 2) TradeCard, 3) BeXcom, 4) Identrus, and 5) TEDI etc. Comparing characteristic points of the e-trading models are as follows ; 1) Access ways as a global e-trading model, 2) Structural characteristic, 3) Functional characteristic, 4) Role as a global e-trading model, 5) Legal issues, 6) Application issues in practice, 7) Security issues for Technology.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.177-198
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• 2007

Since 1970s, there are many tries to realize electronic bills of lading(e-B/L) in the world and great attention has been shown to the question of law, international trade customs and realizing strategy concerned that instrument. However that tries, include Bolero which is most famous company serving e-B/L, don't succeed yet. Meanwhile, Korean government amended commercial code in order to realize e-B/L on August 3, 2007. Also The Korea Paperless Trade Center set to develop the e-B/L system by spring of 2008. So far, however, no definitive answer has been given to the way of realization of e-B/L in Korea. Getting bigger the importance of analysis to the ways of realization of e-B/L in Korea, in this paper the author attempt to examine the requirements after briefly outlining and analysing the results and problems of the tries and suggest thereby policy and strategy about the realization classified three categories.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.199-218
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• 2005

The international business community has been seeking to change paper based bill of lading to electronic bill of lading for the recent years. The reasons for the need for electronic bill of lading are the benefits to international traders:they are fast to issue, transmit and process. These benefits are eliminate the crisis of bill of lading and come down the cost international business community have to charged. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and issue the problems of the present methods of the Electronic Bill of Lading and find implications to commercialized the Electronic Bill of Lading in the basis of the laws and practices of the international trade. Various attempts are offered to achieve this benefits for the last years such as SeaDocs Project, CMI Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading, and Bolero Project. But these methods are yet to be achieved the goals to substitute the paper-based Bill of Lading to Electronic Bill of Lading entirely.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-180
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• 2007

The electronic bill of lading system replacing with traditional paper B/L has been evolved from SeaDocs and CMI to Bolero system. Therefore e-B/L is considered as an evolving concept rather than fixed one because it has been changed with development of information technology. Bolero system designed to replicate all functions of a paper B/L has some limitation to be utilized as an e-B/L in changing international business arena because it has a centralized model. Therefore it is considered to be important that the current e-B/L operating system needs to be diversified. This paper aims to provide three types of the operating model of global e-B/L to be applied with feasible solution coping with the current problems, which is expected to contribute to the utilization of electronic bill of lading.