• 복식문화연구
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.563-578
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• 2022

Society's emphasis on a thin body ideal may intensify an individual's negative perceptions of fatness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (awareness and internalization of the female ideal) and anti-fat attitudes among middle-aged Korean women. In addition, the aim was to examine whether the body internalization of female ideals was a mediator in the proposed model. Participants included a sample of 264 middle-aged Korean women who completed a series of measures online. The following information was collected through online questionnaires: awareness and internalization of the female ideal, attitudes toward fat, body weight perception, and demographics. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The measurement model and the structural model testing provided an acceptable fit to the data, and all proposed pathways in the research model were statistically significant. Awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively associated with internalization, and it significantly and positively predicted both constructs of anti-fat attitudes. Additionally, awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively indirectly associated with attitudes toward fat people-dislike and willpower mediated by internalization. Overall, these findings suggest that society's emphasis on female appearance and a thin body can ultimately result in significant stigmatization of overweight/obese individuals. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing a healthy appearance standard to reduce anti-fat prejudice.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2004

최근 건강에 대한 관심이 증가함에 따라 많은 사람들은 일상생활 중 언제 어디서나 체지방과 같은 자신의 건강 상태를 지속적으로 확인하고 싶어한다. PDA(Personal Digital Assistance, 개인 휴대용 단말기)는 휴대용 무선 장치의 특성으로 인해 그 수요가 점점 증가하고 있으며 휴대용 계측 시스템으로의 응용이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 PDA 크래들 형태의 측정 모듈 및 WindowCE 운영 체제를 사용하는 소프트웨어 모듈로 구성된 PDA 기반 체지방 측정 시스템을 제작하였다. 또한 20∼32세 사이의 63명의(남 53, 여 10) 건강한 피검사를 대상으로 임상 실험을 통해 제지방량 산출 선형 회귀식을 도출하였다 (제지방량(kg) : 0.0005＊신장$^2$ - 0.016＊인피던스 ＋ 0.3920＊체중 - 0.0684＊나이 - 5.8141＊성별 ＋ 25.984). 체지방 측정에 있어 본 연구에서 제작된 기기와 기존의 시판 중인 bionet사의 HTM1000plus (KFDA 승인) 기기와의 강호 상관 계수는 0.928로써 체지방 측정에 있어 본 기기의 신뢰성을 간접적으로 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 본 연구에서 제작된 기기가 PDA 크래들 형태의 소형화 된 시스템임에도 우수한 성능을 보임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.892-900
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the clinical characteristics of 78 diabetics by body fat distribution pattern. It was based on the survey of nutritional status, anthropometric measurements and serum components of the patients. The results were as follows: the average ages of male and female subjects were 57.1, and that of female subjects was 58.9, respectively. The average diabetic durations of male and female subjects were 4.8 and 5.9 years, respectively. In male, the ratio of upper body obese subject was 62.5% and the lower body obese subjects was 37.5%, while those of female were 69.4% and 30.6%, respectively. In nutrient intake state, there was no significant difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was tend to be higher in both male and female subjects. among the three major nutrients/calory ratio, protein/calory ratio was significantly lower in the male upper body obese subjects than in the male lower body obese subjects. Since weight, circumference of arm and waist, waist hip ratio(WHR) of both male and female subjects, body muscle mass(BMM) of male subjects and body mass index (BMI) of female subjects were significantly higher in upper body obese group, upper body obese subjects represented ore fat than lower body obese subjects. In male subjects, hemoglobin(Hb), A/G of upper body obese subjects were lower than the standard value, but there was no significant difference in the serum components between two subjects. In female subjects, Hb and A/G of lower body obese subjects were lower than those of the normal subjects, but Hb and Ht of upper body obese subjects were significantly higher than those of the lower body obese subjects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.816-820
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• 2001

This study aimed at relating body condition score (BCS) to ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat over the areas most commonly used to BCS Holstein-Friesian cows, and determining the practicality of ultrasound measurement of subcutaneous fat for assessment of energy status of the cow. Twenty-eight cows were scored to the nearest quarter point on a scale of 1-5 (1=thin and 5=fat) using both visual and tactile techniques. On the same day, ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat were obtained at the lumbar transverse process, thurl and near the tailhead areas on both sides of the cow making six locations. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between the six ultrasound locations ranged from 0.72-0.93 and were all significantly different from zero (p<0.01). Correlation coefficients between BCS and the mean lumbar, thurl and tailhead ultrasound measurements ranged between 0.67-0.72 and were also significantly different from zero (p<0.01). BCS was highly and significantly correlated to ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat. Ultrasound can be used independently or in conjunction with BCS to estimate the nutrition and energy status of cows.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper it to investigate the differences in prevalence of obesity and body fat distribution on the variances of age. Height, weight, skinfold thickness and girth circumference on about 422 women residing in Cheju, Korea were surveyed. The results of analysis of the survey are as follows : 1) All the antropometric measurements except height were shown to increase with age. Weight is at its highest level between the age of 50-59. The measurement of skinfold thickness and girth circumference between the ages of 20-39 of the female subjects are significantly higher than the above 40's. However, there is no significant difference among the middle aged women. 2) Physical indices tend to increase according to age. Both BMI and RBW of women in their 50's are at their highest values, however, the index values of the women in their 60's decreased slightly (p<0.05). On the contrary, there is no significant difference in the percentage of body fat and total body fat content among the middle aged women surveyed. 3) According to this survey, 15.6% of the 422 subjects are assessed as being obese ; more specifically 4.4% of women in their 20's, 12.6% in 30's, 25.6% in 40's, 22.5% in 50's and 17.3% in 60's. 4) 39.4% among obese women proved to be upper body type women. Because the frequency of upper body type women became higher as the obese women aged, there is possibility that the pattern of fat distribution can change. 5) Weight is the most highly correlated with BMI(r=0.91), whereas weight as correlated with RBW, percentage of BF and WHR are 0.8, 0.66 and 0.44 respectfully. The conclusion of this survey is that it is better to estimate the value of total body fat and percentage of body fat than the value of BMI in the analysis of prevalence of obesity and its related factors of middle aged women.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 1969

Skin temperatures on 10 sites and rectal temperature at every 10 minutes, oxygen consumption at every 20 minutes were measured on 18 male subjects (ages between 14 and 47 years) after exposure to cold air at $15^{\circ}C$ for two hours in a climatic room. Total body fat measured by means of a skinfold method and ratio of body surface area (S) to body volume (V), S/V, were utilized as basis of observations. Surface area was calculated after DuBois equation and body volume was calculated by our original formula. In influencing on the heat loss from the body core to the cold environment, % fat showed inverse relations, whereas, S/V ratio showed direct relations. Thus these two factors acted antagonistically on the body heat loss. Local skin temperatures showed negative correlations with skinfold thickness on the same site, nemaly, on chest, r=-.567; on back, r=-.507; and on upper arm, r=-.353. The other 7 skin sites showed low correlations with % fat. Minimum mean weighted skin temperature (MWST) showed a negative correlation (r=-.443) with % fat, and showed no correlation with S/V ratio. Oxygen consumption in the cold air at $15^{\circ}C$ increased from the first measurement at 20 minutes after exposure and maintained the same increasing trend up to 120 minutes. ${\Delta}T_R$ was greater in tile lean subjects who showed a greater % change in oxygen consumption. The antagonistic actions of % fat and S/V ratio on the heat loss were manifested by observations as follows: minimum rectal temperature was higher In fat subjects (r=.600) and lower in subjects with a greater S/V ratio (=-.582), ${\Delta}T_R$ was smaller in fat subjects (r=-.738) and greater in subjects with a greater S/V ratio (r=.618). Temperature difference between body core and skin surface (minimum rectal temperature minus minimum MWST) showed a positive correlation with % fat (r=.600) and a negative correlation with S/V ratio (r=-.881). Decrease in the mean body temperature and heat debt, respectively, showed negative correlations with % fat and positive correlations with S/V ratio.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.145-154
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• 2006

Objectives : Methods to evaluate obesity are growing to be important in studying links between health and disease. Physicians are using BMI (body mass index) to evaluate obesity, but they can't know how much fat the body has by using that method. Even though there are several assessments, there are different scales, so patients are diagnosed as obese, by some but not by others. These studies are limited in evaluating obesity; it is necessary to study based on new knowledge. According to Oriental Medical Theory, obese people are categorized into 3 types, Fei, Kao and Liu Ren. They have different pathology and body shapes than non-obese people. The relationship between Oriental Medical Theory and BMI and assessment of body fat is a fundamental need to easily approach and treat obesity. Methods : At 00 Oriental Medical Center, 145 female subjects who intended to lose weight were given physical tests and grouped into 5 types of obesity. The physical tests were height measurement, BMI, body composition (body fat mass and lean body mass), skin elasticity and physical strength tests. One-way analysis of variance was done to compare the means of physical tests between the five types of obese women. There was some relationship between characteristics of the five types based on physical tests and Fei, Kao and Liu Ren based on Oriental Medical Theory. Least significant difference (LSD) was used in multiple comparisons. Results : 1. According to the skin elasticity test, obesity type 5 placed between obesity types 3 and 4 and obesity types 1 and 2. Obesity types 3 and 4 were in the low skin elasticity result group; obesity types 1 and 2 were in the high ones (p<0.1).Based on Oriental Medical Theory, Fei Ren and Kao Ren can be distinguished by skin elasticity degree. This result should form the basis of obesity diagnosis. 2. According to Oriental Medical Theory, Fei Ren is smaller than others. Based on height measurement, obesity types 3 and 4 were significantly lower than other obesity types (p<0.1), so there is a relationship between Fei Ren and obesity types 3 & 4. 3. There were significant differences between obesity type 2 and obesity type 4 in the body fat mass result (p<0.1). This study did not have large enough a sample size to distinguish Liu Ren. Conclusions : Further clinical research is necessary to study measurement methods of body shape type and skin elasticity for distinguishing Fei Ren from Kao Ren. The diagnosis and treatment based on the relationship of these types should be studied further.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.169-183
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• 2008

In this study, we measured body mass index, visceral fat ratio and 6 parts of body, neck circumference, circumference of upper arm, chest circumference, abdomen circumference, hip circumference, and thigh circumference by bioimpedence analysis system, after taking Gyeongshingangjeehwan16 (GGEx16) in five months except the first period before taking GGEx16 on 49 women who are obesity or high-level obesity. In order to examine the significance test for the effect of obesity improvement of GGEx16, we practices repeated measure ANOVA with values of measurement variables in 6 monthly times. As a result of all measurement variables, there were significant difference (P-value=0.001). Therefore, we can say that GGEx16 is effective about obesity improvement. As it dramatically decreased between second measure period and first measure period for all measure variables, we can see that there were the most effect of GGEx16 in the first time after taking GGEx16. It is known that a important measurement variable to have a effect for obesity improvement about two variable which are body mass index and visceral fat ratio is waist circumference through correlation analysis. The result of whether there are differences to effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric, there were significant difference for the effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric about all parts of body (P-value=0.001). There were also powerfully difference in effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric about all parts of body (P-value=0.001). Especially, the climacteric before is more effective than the climacteric after in the aspect of the effect of GGEx16.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.390-404
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to determine the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness of the triceps and the subscapular area to investigate the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among obese women and nonobese women based on the percentage of body fat and age. This survey included 422 females in Cheju. 1) The age distribution of the 422 females surveyed was : 26.8% were in their 20's, 20.6% in their 30's, 21.3% in their 40's, 19.0% in their 50's and 12.3% were above 60 years of age. The 422 females consisted consisted of 78% housewives, 12.8% college student and 9.2% single working women. 2) The average height and weight of the surveyed women were respecitively 159.0$\pm$4.2cm and 56.0$\pm$7.2kg, the percentage of body fat of the surveyed women was 24.8$\pm$9.8%, and the BMI of those surveyed was 22.7$\pm$2.7. If higher than 30% body fat was defined as being obese, 15.6% of the surveyed women were assessed to be obese. 3) Total daily food consumption and energy intake of the group of women aged 60 and older was significantly small. Food consumption and nutrient intake of obese women was greater than that of the nonobese group, but not significant. Carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 40's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Total food consumption, energy and carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 50's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Vegetable intake of the obese group in their 60's and older was significantly higher than the nonobese group. 4) The total time of physiological activity of women aged 60 and older was significantly higher than for the other age groups and the total work time was significantly lower. The total work time of women in their 20's was not lower than the other groups. Considering the low energy expenditure of physical activity for women in their 20's, they appeared to have light activity. However, there was not a significant difference in the physical activity time among middle aged women groups(from 30 to 50). The entire energy expenditure of the obese group was greater than the nonobese group. However, the energy expenditure per body weight in the obese group was significantly less than that of the nonobese group in terms of the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the fat free mass. 5) There was a positive correlation between the percentage of body fat and the factors of age, sleeping time, total time of physiological activity, housework time, time spent watching TV, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate and cereal consumption. On the other hand, the percentage of body fat was negatively correlated with energy expenditure per body weight based on the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the free mass.

• 비만대사연구학술지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 2023

Early evaluation of obesity is important. Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat that causes harm to health. Among patients who visit a hospital for weight-related issues, diseases other than body fat gain may be present; however, people often cannot distinguish between these issues and concerns. Therefore, among patients who visit the hospital with weight gain concerns, it is necessary to determine whether the weight gain is actually the result of excessive fat accumulation. After being diagnosed with obesity, the cause and degree of obesity, the amount and distribution of body fat, and the degree of risk should be evaluated. Additionally, obesity-related complications should be identified and, even if there are no complications, all related risk factors should be evaluated and managed. In all these processes, diagnostic methods such as history taking, physical examination, body fat measurement, blood tests, and imaging tests are necessary, but history taking and physical examination, which can provide a lot of information from the beginning, should not be overlooked.