• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2013

Menopause is often associated with several chronic diseases, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. In this study, we investigated the ability of Eisenia bicyclis (EB) to prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats, a model for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Extracts from EB obtained using ethanol or hot water were analyzed for total polyphenol content and osteoporosis effects in vivo. Total polyphenol content was higher with extraction by hot water compared to ethanol extraction. Fifty 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: the group were sham-operated rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (OVX-CON), and ovariectomized rats that were treated with EB at 50 mg/kg body weight (OVX-EB50) and 200 mg/kg body weight (OVX-EB200), respectively. The diets were fed to rats for 6 weeks after their operation. We found that the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was lower in the EB extract group compared to the OVX-CON group. Collagen and pyridinoline content, in bone and cartilage, were reduced by ovariectomy, but the supplemented EB extract groups exhibited higher concentrations in their bones. These results suggest that EB can be used for the industrial development of foods with therapeutic functions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.146-153
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the effects of fruits and stems of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten Makino on water intake, feed intake, body weight, blood glucose level and glucose tolerance in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into non-diabetic control (NC), diabetic control (DC), 8% Opuntia fruit (DOF), 5% Opuntia stem (DO-5) and 10% Opuntia stem (DO-10) groups. Fruits and stems of Opuntia ficus-indica were freeze-dried and ground before use in the experiment. Animals were fed experimental diet for 3 weeks. DOF, DO-5 and DO-10 groups showed lower water and feed intake as well as less body weight loss than DC group. The fasting blood glucose levels were 100 mg/dL for NC and 379 mg/dL for DC. Fasting glucose level of DOF was a significantly low level of 28% (p<0.05), whereas DO-5 and DO-10 had a decrease of 5% and 9% compared to DC. As for the glucose tolerance test, the highest blood glucose levels for NC and DC-10 group were observed at 30 minutes after glucose injection while those of DOF and DO-5 groups were after 60 minutes. DOF and DO-5 plasma insulin level improved. Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were also lower in DOF, DO-5 and DO-10 groups, although HDL-cholesterol level was only slightly affected by experimental diets compared to DC. These results suggest that the feeding of Opuntia ficus-indica fruits and stems improved blood glucose and lipid metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2013

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bacteriophage CP supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, visceral organ weight, meat quality and fecal microflora in broilers. A total of 340 1-d-old ROSS 308 broilers (mixed gender) with an initial average body weight (BW) of $41.14{\pm}0.17g$ were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 17 broilers per pen for 31 days. Dietary treatments were: 1) CON, control diet, 2) CP05, CON + 0.05% bacteriophage CP, 3) CP10, CON + 0.10% bacteriophage CP and 4) CP15, CON + 0.15% bacteriophage CP. During d 15 to d 31, broilers fed CP15 diet had higher (P<0.05) body weight gain and feed intake than broilers fed CON diet. Overall, body weight gain in CP10 and CP15 treatment groups was greater (P<0.05) than that in CON treatment and feed intake was higher (P<0.05) in CP15 treatment than that in CON. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and blood characteristics did not differ (P>0.05) among treatments. The water holding capacity of breast meat increased (P<0.05) in broiler fed the diets containing bacteriophage CP compared with those fed the CON diet. Other meat characteristics such as pH value, breast muscle color ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$) and drip loss were unaffected by dietary supplementation of bacteriophage CP. The weight of bursa of Fabricius increased (P<0.05) in CP05 when compared with CON. No significant difference was observed (P>0.05) among treatments in visceral weight and fecal microflora concentrations of Lactobacillus spp., Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.10 and 0.15% bacteriophage CP could improve the growth performance.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.15-35
• /
• 1983

Although it has been well known that ventricular fibrillation is the most important complication during hypothermia, much investigation has failed to show the exact nature of the etiology of ventricular fibrillation. Recently, there has been considerable research on the relationship between sympathetic activity and ventricular fibrillation under hypothermia. Cardiac muscle normally contains a certain amount of norepinephrine and the dramatic effect of this catecholamines on the cardiac muscle is well documented. It is, therefore, conceivable that cardiac catecholamines might exert an influence on the susceptibility of heart muscle to tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and arrhythmia, under hypothermia. Hypothermia itself is stress enough to increase tonus of sympatheticoadrenal system. The normal heart is supplied by an autonomic innervation and is subjected to action of circulating catecholamines which may be released from the heart. If the reaction of the heart associated with a variable amount of cardiac catecholamines is. permitted to occur in the induction of hypothermia, the action of this agent on the heart has not to be differentiated from the direct effects of cooling. The studies presented in this paper were designed to provide further information about the cardio-physiological effects of reduced body temperature, with special reference to the role of catecholamines in ventricular fibrillation. Healthy cats, weighing about 3 kg, were anesthetized with pentobarbital(30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The trachea was intubated and the endotracheal tube was connected to a C.F. Palmer type A.C. respirator. Hypothermia was induced by immersing the cat into a ice water tub and the rate of body temperature lowering was $1^{\circ}C$ per 5 to 8 min. Esophageal temperature and ECG (Lead II) were simultaneously monitored. In some cases the blood pH and serum sodium and potassium were estimated before the experiment. After the experiment the animals were killed and the hearts were excised. The catecholamines content of the cardiac muscle was measured by the method of Shore and Olin (1958). The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) In control animal the heart rate was slowed as the temperature fell and the average pulse rates of eight animals were read 94/min at $31^{\circ}C$, 70/min at $27^{\circ}C$ and 43/min at $23^{\circ}C$ if esophageal temperature. Ventricular fibrillation was occurred with no exception at a mean temperature of $20.3^{\circ}C(21-l9^{\circ}C)$. The electrocardiogram revealed abnormal P waves in each progressive cooling of the heart. there was, ultimately, a marked delay in the P-R interval, QRS complex and Q-T interval. Inversion of the T waves was characteristic of all animals. The catecholamines content of the heart muscle excised immediately after the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation was about thirty percent lower than that of the pre-hypothermic heart, that is, $1.0\;{\mu}g/g$ wet weight compared to the prehypothermic value of $1.41\;{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. The changes of blood pH, serum sodium and potassium concentration were not remarkable. 2) By the adrenergic receptor blocking agent, DCI(2-3 mg/kg), given intramuscularly thirty minutes before hypothermia, ventricular fibrillation did not occur in one of five animals when their body temperature was reduced even to $16^{\circ}C$. These animals succumbed at that low temperature, and the changes of heart rate and loss of myocardial catecholamines after hypothermia were similar to those of normal animals. The actual effect of DCI preventing the ventricular fibrillation is not predictable. 3) Administration of reserpine(1 mg/kg, i.m.) 24 hours Prior to hypothermia disclosed reduced incidence of ventricular fibrillation, that is, six of the nine animals went into fibrillation at an average temperature of $19.6^{\circ}C$. By reserpine myocardial catecholamines content dropped to $0.045\;{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. 4) Bretylium pretreatment(20 mg/kg, i.m.), which blocks the release of catecholamines, Prevented the ventricular fibrillation under hypothermia in four of the eight cats. The pulse rate, however, was approximately the same as control and in some cases was rather slower. 5) Six cats treated with norepinephrine(2 mg/kg, i.m.) or DOPA(50 mg/kg) and tranylcypromine(10 mg/kg), which tab teen proved to cause significant increase in the catecholamines content of the heart muscle, showed ventricular fibrillation in all animals under hypothermia at average temperature of $21.6^{\circ}C$ and the pulse rate increased remarkably as compared with that of normal. Catecholamines content of cardiac muscle of these animals markedly decreased after hypothermia but higher than control animals. 6) The functional refractory periods of isolated rabbit atria, determined by the paired stimulus technique, was markedly shortened by administration of epinephrine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol. 7) Adrenergic beta-blocking agents, such as pronethalol, propranolol and sotalol(MJ-1999), inhibited completely the shortening of refractory period induced by norepinephrine. 8) Pretreatment with either phenoxftenbamine or phentolamine, an adrenergic alphatlocking agent, did not modify the decrease in refractory period induced by norepinephrine. From the above experiment it is possible to conclude that catecholamines play an important role in producing ventricular fibrillation under hypothermia. The shortening of the refractorf period of cardiac muscle induced by catecholamines mar be considered as a partial factor in producing ventriculr fibrillaton and to be mediated by beta-adrenergic receptor.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.167-175
• /
• 2012

This study was undertaken to assess dietary CP and ME concentrations for optimum growth performance and carcass characteristics of Korean Native male ducks. In a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement, 1-d-old Korean Native male ducks were completely randomized design to experimental diets with 3,000, 2,900, and 2,800 kcal of ME/kg of diet; each contained 23, 22, and 21% CP, respectively, from 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, experimental diets had 3,100, 3,000, and 2,900 kcal of ME/kg of diet, and each contained 19, 18, and 17% CP, respectively. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4 times, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight, feed intake and uniformity were measured at 3 wk and 8 wk, and carcass characteristics were evaluated at 8 wk. As CP increased from 21 to 23 %, the body weight, BW gain and feed conversion ratios (FCR) linearly improved (P<0.01) during 0 to 3 wk of age. From 4 to 8 wk of age, the body weight, feed intake, BW gain, FCR and uniformity were not different (P>0.05). Carcass ratios of birds fed 3,000 kcal of ME/kg diets from 3 to 8 wk of age were quadratically increased significantly (P<0.01). As ME and CP increased, respectively, relative weight of liver weight per 100 g of BW was linearly decreased (P<0.01). Relative weights of left breast, thigh and drumstick weight per 100 of BW were not different (P>0.05). Also, breast meat color, pH, cooking loss and shear force were not different (P>0.05). Thus, diets with 2,800 kcal of ME/kg and 23% CP or with 2,900 kcal of ME/kg and 17% CP at 0 to 3 wk and 4 to 8 wk, respectively, were used more efficiently. However, diets with 3,000 kcal of ME/kg at 4 to 8 wk in carcass rate was quadratically increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.696-704
• /
• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate various levels of milk by-product in weaning pig diet on growth performance, blood profiles, carcass characteristics and economic performance for weaning to finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 160 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc), average $7.01{\pm}1.32kg$ body weight (BW), were allotted to four treatments by BW and sex in 10 replications with 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with various levels of milk by-product (Phase 1: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, Phase 2: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively). During weaning period (0 to 5 week), weaning pigs were fed experimental diets and all pigs were fed the same commercial feed during growing-finishing period (6 to 14 week). Results: In the growth trial, BW, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the nursery period (5 weeks) increased as the milk by-product level in the diet increased (linear, p<0.05). Linear increases of pig BW with increasing the milk product levels were observed until late growing period (linear, p = 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in BW at the finishing periods, ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed ratio during the entire growing-finishing periods. The blood urea nitrogen concentration had no significant difference among dietary treatments. High inclusion level of milk by-product in weaner diet decreased crude protein (quadratic, p = 0.05) and crude ash (Linear, p = 0.05) of Longissimus muscle. In addition, cooking loss and water holding capacity increased with increasing milk product levels in the weaner diets (linear, p<0.01; p = 0.05). High milk by-product treatment had higher feed cost per weight gain compared to non-milk by-products treatment (linear, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Supplementation of 10% to 5% milk by-products in weaning pig diet had results equivalent to the 30% to 15% milk treatment and 0% milk by-product supplementation in the diet had no negative influence on growth performance of finishing pigs.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.28 no.9
• /
• pp.1118-1126
• /
• 2018

In this study, investigated the general characteristics and diagnostic methods types of streptococcosis among various fish disease pathogens that caused a lot of economic damaged to aquaculture fish based on the previous research paper. Streptococcosis infection of fish is considered a reemerging disease affecting a variety of wild and cultured fish throughout the world. Calssifiacation of Gram positive cocci based on DNA-DNA hybridization coupled with 16S sequencing has shown that at least five different species are considered of significance as fish pathogens: Lactococcus garvieae, L. piscium, Streptococcus iniae, S. agalactiae, S. paruberis, Vagococcus salmoninarum. Symptoms of infection with streptococcosis disease such as body color change, eyeball abnormality, gill discoloration, bleeding, abdominal distension, swelling of the kidney and spleen. In addition, it usually occurs from June to October when the water temperature rise a lot of fish death. Currently, 16S rRNA, 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR), Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Ribotyion (RT), Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) are among the methods for diagnosing streptococcosis. Among them, the LAMP method, which is high applicable to the aquaculture farm has attracted the spotlight, but due to problems such as confirmation of results. This seems to minimize the economic loss of streptococcosis which complements the problem so that it can be easily used from the diagnosis to the results confirmation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.11
• /
• pp.1510-1518
• /
• 2010

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lighting schedule and nutrient density on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 576 day old Arbor Acre male chickens was used with a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. The four lighting schedules were continuous (23 L:1 D, CL), 20 L:4 D (12 L:2 D:8 L:2 D), 16 L:8 D (12 L:3 D:2 L:3 D: 2 L:2 D) and 12 L:12 D (9 L:3 D:1 L:3 D:1 L:3 D:1 L:3 D) and provided by incandescent bulbs. The two nutrient densities were high (H, starter diet: 13.39 MJ/kg apparent metabolisable energy (AME), 23.00% crude protein (CP); finisher diet: 13.39 MJ AME/kg, 19.70% CP) and low energy and protein level (L, starter diet: 12.03 MJ AME/kg, 20.80% CP; finisher diet: 12.14 MJ AME/kg, 18.30% CP). Houses with dark curtains and solid sidewalls were used. Chickens were randomly allocated to the 8 treatments with each treatment comprising 6 replicates of 12 chickens. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Lighting schedules showed no difference (p>0.05) in growth performance at the end of the experiment. 12 L:12 D significantly reduced (p<0.05) the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to 23 L:1 D treatment. Intermittent lighting (IL) schedules produced higher protein content (p<0.001) in breast meat. Birds on high density diets had higher body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) (p<0.001), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.001) throughout the experiment with the exception of 36 to 42 d. High nutrient density increased (p<0.05) abdominal fat, decreased (p<0.05) the moisture loss of meat, and reduced percentage of wings and legs. There was a significant lighting schedule${\times}$diet interaction (p<0.001) on FCR for days 8 to 14 and 15 to 21. Results indicated that IL can give similar growth performance in comparison with CL, meanwhile with positive effects on meat quality by increasing protein content and decreasing the concentration of MDA. High nutrient density resulted in greater growth performance.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.63-71
• /
• 2010

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and stocking density on daily patterns and rates of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion in juvenile red seabream Pagrus major (mean body weight: 29.0 g) under fasting and feeding conditions. Fish were acclimated over 7 days under four different temperatures (10, 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$) and at two different densities (5.5 and $11.0\;kg\;m^{-3}$). Each treatment had three replicates and a total of 216 fish were used. After 72 hours starvation, endogenous TAN excretion was measured for each temperature and density. To investigate exogenous TAN excretion, fish were handfed a commercial diet containing 51.6% crude protein twice a day for 7 days, at 08:00 and 16:00. Water was sampled from both inlets and outlets of chambers every 2 hours over a 24 hour period. Both endogenous and exogenous TAN excretion increased with increases in temperature and density (P<0.05). Mean daily endogenous TAN excretion rates at 10, 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$ were 88.8, 101.1, 125.0, and $143.3\;mg\;TAN\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ at low density, and 105.2, 119.2, 141.5, and $168.8\;mg\;TAN\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ at high density, respectively. Mean daily exogenous TAN excretion rates at 10, 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$ were 343.5, 403.7, 535.7, and $601.7\;mg\;TAN\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ at low density, and 391.9, 479.7, 611.9, and $683.4\;mg\;TAN\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ at high density, respectively. The exogenous TAN excretion rate peaked 10~12 hours after the first feeding under all temperatures and densities. The TAN loss for ingested nitrogen increased with increases in temperature and density (P<0.05), ranging from 27.9 to 50.1% at low density and 31.7 to 56.9% at high density. This study provides empirical data for estimating ammonia excretion and managing the culture of red seabream under the given temperatures and densities.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 2007

We investigated the effects of dietary supplements of probiotics, illite, active carbon and hardwood vinegar on growth performance, feed intake, and pH, shear force, sensory evaluation, meat color and fatty acid composition of meat in broilers. Two hundred broilers were fed diets for five weeks containing 0.2% of probiotics (T1), and 1% of Illite (T2), 1% active carbon (T3), or 1% hardwood vinegar (T4). Body weight gain was higher in T1 and T4 groups fed the starter diet but was the lowest in C and T4 for finishing period (P<0.05). Feed efficiency was not significantly different. In proximate composition, crude fat content of chicken meat were decreased lower in all treatment groups than control, but moisture, crude protein and crude ash were not significantly different. Cooking loss was decreased in T3 and T4 and WHC (water holing capacity) was increased in T3 and T4 groups compared to the other groups. In sensory evaluation, T4 tended to improve the hardness. Redness $(a^*)$ and yellowness $(b^*)$ were no difference between the all treatment groups, lightness $(L^*)$ were higher in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups than control group (P<0.05). Stearic acid content was lower in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, but oleic acid contents were higher in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups (P<0.05). These results showed that supplementing broiler diets with 1.0% hardwood vinegar may noticeably improve the meat quality of broiler.