• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.135-151
• /
• 2007

This study is human body measurement of 200 adult males in their 20s by both direct and indirect methods in order to reveal the representative male upper body types. Composition factors of body types were classified while the combination of direct-indirect measurement values was chosen. The following are the findings: 1) The analysis of direct-indirect measurement statistics showed the following results: 173.80cm (height), 69.87kg (weight), 95.58cm (chest girth), $24.67^{\circ}$ (right shoulder angle), and $9.34^{\circ}$ (shoulder width angle). 2) The factor analysis of the body types by direct measurement produced 5 factors: 1 (front length of upper body), 2 (front length of upper body), 3 (back length of upper body), 4 (circumference of upper body), and 5 (shoulders length). These factors accounted for 90.08%. Also, the cluster analysis of factor scores led to 3 types: 1 (33%, short, comparatively wide shoulders and full in the hips), 2 (25.1%, well-developed upper body in tall, inversed triangle), 3 (41%, average height, short upper body). 3) The body-type factor analysis by indirect measurement resulted in 6 factors with the explanation of 83.24%: 1 (rear upper bady thickness), 2 (front upper body width), 3 (front chest thickness), 4 (left-right shoulder angle), 5 (front width of protrusion distance in chest and shoulders), and 6 (neck's front-rear side angle).In addition, the cluster analysis of factor scores brought about 4 types: 1 (15%, well-developed front chest, beardless waist), 2 (23.5%, flat chest, with shoulder, drooping shoulders, strait neck), 3 (39%, with shoulder, curved back), and 4 (22.5%, narrow and thin, curved waist). 4) Among the 118 subjects (75%), 58 subjects commonly appearing in indirect measurement values group and direct measurement values group were chosen the representative body type group according to asterisk indexes. They had the highest frequency in direct type 3 and indirect type 3, whose combination represented the physical characteristics of the representative body types.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.2 s.66
• /
• pp.145-154
• /
• 2006

Objectives : Methods to evaluate obesity are growing to be important in studying links between health and disease. Physicians are using BMI (body mass index) to evaluate obesity, but they can't know how much fat the body has by using that method. Even though there are several assessments, there are different scales, so patients are diagnosed as obese, by some but not by others. These studies are limited in evaluating obesity; it is necessary to study based on new knowledge. According to Oriental Medical Theory, obese people are categorized into 3 types, Fei, Kao and Liu Ren. They have different pathology and body shapes than non-obese people. The relationship between Oriental Medical Theory and BMI and assessment of body fat is a fundamental need to easily approach and treat obesity. Methods : At 00 Oriental Medical Center, 145 female subjects who intended to lose weight were given physical tests and grouped into 5 types of obesity. The physical tests were height measurement, BMI, body composition (body fat mass and lean body mass), skin elasticity and physical strength tests. One-way analysis of variance was done to compare the means of physical tests between the five types of obese women. There was some relationship between characteristics of the five types based on physical tests and Fei, Kao and Liu Ren based on Oriental Medical Theory. Least significant difference (LSD) was used in multiple comparisons. Results : 1. According to the skin elasticity test, obesity type 5 placed between obesity types 3 and 4 and obesity types 1 and 2. Obesity types 3 and 4 were in the low skin elasticity result group; obesity types 1 and 2 were in the high ones (p<0.1).Based on Oriental Medical Theory, Fei Ren and Kao Ren can be distinguished by skin elasticity degree. This result should form the basis of obesity diagnosis. 2. According to Oriental Medical Theory, Fei Ren is smaller than others. Based on height measurement, obesity types 3 and 4 were significantly lower than other obesity types (p<0.1), so there is a relationship between Fei Ren and obesity types 3 & 4. 3. There were significant differences between obesity type 2 and obesity type 4 in the body fat mass result (p<0.1). This study did not have large enough a sample size to distinguish Liu Ren. Conclusions : Further clinical research is necessary to study measurement methods of body shape type and skin elasticity for distinguishing Fei Ren from Kao Ren. The diagnosis and treatment based on the relationship of these types should be studied further.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.108-124
• /
• 2007

Body measurement was held for the subjects of Chinese adult males in their 20s through 40s residing in the Ningbo area of Zhejiang Province in order to provide body type information and raise the fit of clothing products for the advancement into the Chinese market. The following sums up the analysis of body types based on body measurement: 1. Seven factors to compose body types were produced from the analysis of males in their 20s, explaining 76.07% of variables and representing 3 types according to cluster analysis. Type 1 was H-b and appeared as much as 32.14%. Type 2, semi X-d, was 40.81%, while Type 3, A-i, had 27.04%. 2. Eight body type composing factors were extracted from the analysis of men in their 30s and 40s. The factors explained 76.77% of all the variables and represented 4 types according to cluster analysis. Type 1, H-d, had the appearance rate of 18.47%; Type 2, H-b, 40.84%; Type 3, Y-i, 27.71%; and Type 4, semi X-s, 11.95%.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.170-180
• /
• 2020

Body positivity has emerged among young social media users with the purpose of enhancing a positive body image. In the social media environment, body positivity is frequently presented in the forms of female models' images and/or words that represent individual attitudes toward the female body. The media effects on female viewers' body image differs based on the viewers' perceptions of their own body size. This experimental study examined how body positivity and types of expression on social media influence women's mood and appearance satisfaction by subjective body size. We randomly assigned to 415 young and middle-aged females to one of six experimental conditions which contained three images and three vignettes, each reflecting non-body positivity, body positivity, and control. We used a 3 (body positivity: non-body positivity vs body positivity vs. control) × 2 (types of body positivity expression on media: images vs vignettes) × 2 (subjective body size: under/normal weight vs overweight/obese) between-subject design. The results of MANCOVA revealed the significant main effects of subjective body size on women's mood and appearance satisfaction. There was a significant interaction effect of body positivity and subjective body size on appearance satisfaction. The stimuli representing body positivity caused positive psychological effects for women who perceive themselves being in the under/normal weight range.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.66-79
• /
• 2014

Unlike other body arts, body painting illuminates the value of art using eco-friendly formative activity and natural environment and highlights the need of eco-friendly activity. However, although body painting has focused on forming right relationship between human beings and nature, there are few researches which are linked with nature art. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to argue the need to study body painting as nature art in connection with natural environment and analyze body painting according to nature art types. The study methods included both theoretical review and empirical review. The theoretical review examined the concept and characteristics of nature art through previous researches and literature and the empirical review looked into the types and works of nature art and applied them to body painting works. The results were as follows. First, an installation type was possible by arranging and attaching certain materials to the body. Second, a physical type was possible by representing body itself as the part of nature. Third, a symbolic type was possible by making body appearance as a some symbol based on artist's idea. Fourth, a sound type was possible by stimulating auditory hallucination using the nature of objects and sensing a sound. Fifth, an ecological type was possible by conveying the message of living things in nature to the body. Sixth, an interior type was possible by inducing indoor installation of works. Seventh, a poetic type was possible by making one feel a poetic inspiration expressed in nature using the mystery of the sea and a simple sequential pattern of floral leaves. Eighth, a drawing type was possible by adding artist's intentional hand with a pictorical technique. Ninth, a indigenous type was possible by reproducing South American indian's primitive style. The review of this study suggests that body painting works have been expressed in experimental and temporary arrangement like nature art in nature and can be applied according to nine types of nature art.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2021

This study classified short adult male body types and identified characteristics by body type according to Size Korea's 7th human system measurement data for men in their 20s to 60s. There were four body types for short adult males. Type 1 was a 'short bird legs-normal body shape' with an average body size, low body height, short torso length, thin legs, and no sagging shoulders. Type 2 was a 'short torso thin body' with a small body size, a slim body, a high body height, a short torso length and no sagging shoulders. Type 3 was a 'thick leg-overweight body shape' with a large body size, thick legs, low body height, small shoulder length and obesity. Type 4 was a 'long bird legs-normal body' with a normal body size, high body height, thin legs, long torso and sagging shoulders. The development of clothing design and pattern reflecting the body shape characteristics of short adult males should be improved to fit clothing and suitability. It is necessary to increase the satisfaction of ready-to-wear for consumers with various body types by adding the size for shorter men through a subdivision of the ready-made size system.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.723-733
• /
• 2001

The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the effects of the difference between actual and perceived body type and body cathexis on satisfaction with fit and 2) to identify the effect of the difference between chronological and ideal age of middle-aged woman on satisfaction with fit of ready-to-wear. For this study, questionnaires were administered to 500 middle-aged woman in Kwangju. Employing 402 respondents, data were analyzed by using $X^2$-test, t-test and Pearson Correlation. The results were as follows; 1) There were significant differences between actual and perceived body types among middle-aged women. Those who were inconsistent with actual and perceived body types had a tendency to perceive themselves to be obeser than actual body. 2) Those who were inconsistent with actual and perceived body types had a lower satisfaction level with apparel fit sites at jacket length, hip width, crotch length and waist width than those who were consistent with actual and perceived body types. 3) Correlation for body cathexis and satisfaction with fit of ready-to-wear was significantly positive. 4) There were significant differences between chronological and ideal ages. 5) Those who were inconsistent with chronological and ideal ages had a lower satisfaction level with apparel fit sites at neckline, shoulder width, bust, sleeve length, sleeve width, Jacket length, waist width, hip width and skirt length than those who were consistent with chronological and ideal ages.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.624-634
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to classify body types of elderly male aged between 60 and 80. 40 direct items and 22 indexes were measured. The result were as follows. First. through the factor analysis of indexes, 8 factors were extracted upon factor scores, 4 clusters represented characteristics of elderly male's body type. Type 1 indicates flat and bend-forward type. Type 2 indicates fat and bend-forward type. Type 3 indicates lean-back type and is a little bit fat and the waist is round. Type 4 indicates a straight type in which the chest and the hip are developed. Second, drop was needed to discriminate elderly male's body type. 3 types of drop were extracted. The body type with big drop is Y type in which the drop distance is between 14 and 22cm. The body type with standard drop is A type in which the drop distance is between 6 and 14cm. The body type with small drop is B type in which the drop distance is between -4 and 6cm. Third, when the types of appearance rate were combined, 7 body types of elderly male showed high appearance rate; A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, A4, B4. According to the above result, flat and bended-forward type with drop A was dominant body type of elderly male.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.203-210
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study is to classify the body types based on the side view. The subjects are 404 Korean and Mongolian women within the 18 to 24 age group. From the results of comparing 28 items of indirect photometric measurements, 15 items were shown to have significant differences. Mongolian women were larger in values for 13 items than were Korean women except two items, which are back projecting point height and abdominal projecting point height. The silhouette of Korean women's front body looks completely different from Mongolian women's. Especially, Mongolian women's fore-breast part is much thicker than that of Korean women. The result of analysing the indirect photometric measurement of 4 types which were previously classified by the direct measurements and index values is as follows; Type 1 is normal type, type 2 is lordosis type, type 3 is swayback type, and finally type 4 is flatback type. The groups of each of the 4 types are further divided into Korean and Mongolian women. Judging from their body types based on the side view, it seems clear that significant differences exist between Korean and Mongolian women's side body shapes in the thickness of their breast part.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.621-632
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical characteristic of the wheelchair users by directly measuring the disabled men who use a wheelchair and to classify body types. The subjects were 178 male wheelchair users 20-69 years range of age. The results of this study were as follows. The cause of disability was classified into four groups; Poliomyelitis(P), Spinal Cord Injury(S), Cerebral Palsy(C), Amputee(A). There was a remarkable difference in the physical characteristic of the wheelchair users due to their cause of disability. A have greater values in all the dimensions. P have the largest drop values and smaller values in the lower body dimensions. S have greater values in the height of upper body trunk, back interscye length, and chest circumference, whereas smaller values in waist front length and thigh circumference. C have smaller values in most body dimensions except circumference of lower limb. By the factor analysis on the anthropometric data came out the result to be eight factors. The result of cluster analysis using factor scores shows the body types of wheelchair users can be divided into four body types; PY, RBB, TBP, RA. PY type is short and has the largest drop values, whereas RBB type tends to have the smallest drop values. TBP type is tall and the torso tends to be larger than those of the other types. RA type has smaller values in front body dimensions and moderate values in other dimensions. The diversity in body types should be considered among the wheelchair users.