• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

This study was due to investigate the dietary intakes, serum lipids and other hematological indices in female adolescent smokers. The subjects were 85 smokers, whose average pack-year(smoking years on the basis of one pack of cigarettes per day) was 1.26 and 87 nonsmokers who were female high school students in Seoul. An anthropometric measreument was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and food habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided. Nutritional analysis program for professional(CAN-pro). Serum TG, HDL-cholesterol and total-cholesterol levels were measured with test kits. Serum glucose, albumin, GOT and GPT were measured by automated dry chemistry system, SPOTCHEM 4410. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC and MCV were determined by Semi Automated Microcell Counter(F-520). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was no significant difference in the anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. The caloric intake in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers but the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in biochemical indices. Analysis of serum lipids showed that the serum levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of nonsmokers were unexpectedly significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of smokers. Overall results indicate that smoking itself with short pack-year in healthy female adolescent did not seem to influence apparent health and nutritional status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.229-243
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary fibers from tangerine peels on lipid and cadmium metabolism. And effects were compared with those of commercial dietary fibers($\alpha$-cellulose, citrus pectin). Sixty male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 186.7$\pm$2.6g were blocked into 12 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 2 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the levels of 0 of 400 ppm in diet. Various dietary fibers were given at the level of 0 or 4%(w/w) of diet. The results are summarized as follow. In lipid metabolism, insoluble fibers[insoluble dietary fibers from tangerine peels(IDE), $\alpha$-celluolse] increased fecal excretion of lipids by inhcreasing feces weight, and decreased the concentrations of serum triglyceride and liver lipids. Soluble dietary fibers from tangerine peels(SDF) decreased the concentrations of serum cholesterol and liver lipids by increasing fecal lipids, too. In cadmium metabolism, soluble fivers(SDF, pectin) inhibited Cd absorption by increasing fecal Cd excretion and decreased Cd concentrations of intestion, liver and kidney. In conclusion, among the extracted fibers, SDF were more effective on lipid and Cd lowering activity and IDF had effect of increasing fecal lipid excretion. This result is useful to reduce food waste and utilize waste products.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2005

To examine the combined effects of a high-protein diet and aerobic exercise on body weight and composition and blood lipid profiles in overweight women, 30 young women were recruited and placed into three groups: The high-protein diet and exercise group (HPE), the exercise-only group (EXO) and the control group (CON) (30$\pm$3%, 27$\pm$2%, and 29$\pm$3% body fat, respectively) for an 8-week experimental period. Daily diet included 25% isolated soybean protein (>90% protein, approximately 400 kcal) combined with each subject s usual diet for the HPE group. The exercise program consisted of aerobic-type exercises undertaken >3 times/wk and for>30 min/session at 50-60% of maximal capacity. Physical fitness, body composition, serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and glucose were measured before and after the experiment. Maximal aerobic capacity increased by the end of experiment in both the HPE (from 27.2$\pm$3.5 to 35.l$\pm$5.9 ml/kg/min, p<0.01) and EXO (from 30.3$\pm$5.4 to 33.8$\pm$3.8 mㅣ/kg/min, p<0.05) groups. Percent body fat decreased by 3.3% (p<0.01) in the HPE group and by 1.5% (p<0.05) in the EXO group by the end of the experiment, but not in the CON group. Lower back strength and agility increased only in the HPE group. In the HPE group, TC decreased from 168$\pm$20 to 155$\pm$18 mg/dL and HDL-C increased from 57$\pm$l0 to 61$\pm$9 mg/dL in HPE (p<0.01). But TC and HDL-C did not change in the EXO and CON groups. TG and glucose did not vary among the groups. Although the EXO group showed a similar outcome to that of the HPE group, a favorable change in body composition and blood lipids as well as an improvement in aerobic capacity was more marginal in the latter group.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 1998

The present study was conducted to find out whether there are some differences in plasma carnitine levels among young-, middle-, and old-aged normal Korean women. Daily food intake, body fat content, plasma lipids and carnitine levels were measured in 153 samples from 44 young (20-24 years old), 49 middle-aged (30-49 years old), and 63 old (65-85 years old) normal volunteers. The differences in concentrations of nonesterified acylcarnitine and acid-soluble acylcarnitine were not statistically significant among them. However, acid insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC) level in plasma decreased with age. Moreover, total carnitine (TCNE) level in the young group was significantally higher than in old and middle-aged groups. Body fat content in the young group was significantly lower than in old and middle-aged groups. Plasma total cholesterol increased with age and triglycerides in the old group were significantly higher than in young and middle-aged groups. These results suggest that the higher levels of AIAC and TCNE in the young group may be a reflection of their lipid metabolic state, which is different from middle-aged and old groups.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2001

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) exhibits potent anti-carcinogenic and other biological activities in several animal models. We report here that dietary CLA, chemically synthesized from corn oil, accumulates I silkworm, Bombyx mori, which is used as therapeutic agent for diabetes in Korea and Japan. Mulberry leaves treated with 0.1 or 10% CLA in ethanol were supplied to silkworms from the end of 3rd instar to the 3rd day of the 5th instar. Fresh mulberry leaves or leaves treated with 10% corn oil in ethanol were fed as a check treatment. the amount of total lipids in the larval body ranged from 17.4 to 19.1mg/g of body tissue, which was not significantly affected by the source of the diets. No CLA was found in the control silkworms. But the level of CLA significantly increased to 83.5 mg/g of fat, when fed with mulberry leaves treated with 10% CLA. Only trace amounts of CLA were detected in the larvae reared with check leaves and 0.1% CLA-treated leaves. Mulberry leaves treatd with corn oil or CLA were not palatable to the larvae, resulting in a reduction of larval weight. These results suggest that silkworms containing CLA in body lipids could be producted by dietary CLA.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of obesity, serum lipids and CRP in Korean adults. The predictors of obesity and serum lipids were the subject's general characteristics, life style, eating habit and nutrients. The predictors of CRP were the subject's general characteristics, life style, eating habit, nutrients, obesity and serum lipids. Method: 115 subjects who had visited the health examination center at a hospital participated in the study. The data analysed with descriptive analysis, ANOVA, Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Result: Sex, married, eating out ($4{\leq}$/w), eating out (2-3/w) and age ($61{\leq}$) were anticipated variable on BMI ($R^2$=0.488). Sex and overeating (2-3/w) were anticipated variable on body fat($R^2$=0.218). Drink (4-6/w), age (51-60), sex, vegetable fat and Systolic BP were anticipated variable on total cholesterol ($R^2$=0.217). Age (51-60), vegetable fat and unmarried were anticipated variable on LDL ($R^2$=0.180). Sex was anticipated variable on HDL and Triglyceride ($R^2$=0.054, 0.192). Breakfast (1-3/w) and meal (2/d) were anticipated variable on CRP ($R^2$=0.1268). Conclusion: It is thought that decreasing eating out and overeating might be important to prevent obesity. It is thought that decreasing drinking and fat eating might be important to improve serum lipids. It is thought that eating breakfast might be important to decrease CRP.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.253-282
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• 2019

College students majoring in bodyguards learn and acquire bodyguard martial arts to protect the life and property of the subjects. Also, the bodyguard martial arts are helping to improve and maintain the body and spirit of the bodyguards. However, more and more students majoring in security at universities are becoming obese due to lack of time to participate in bodyguard training and excessive food intake, which could have a negative impact on their future security work as well as their health condition. In this study, the effect of 10 weeks of Judo training on body composition, blood lipid and immune function on Security Majoring obese male college students was determined to be as follows. 1. Weight(p<.05), ; body fat ratio(p<.05), BMI(p<.01) etc. of body composition after Judo training were significantly reduced, and in the case of BMI(F=4.488, p<05), there were significant differences in interaction between groups and timing. 2. After judo training, TC (p<.05) and LDL-C(p<.01) of the blood lipid showed a significant decrease. 3. After judo training, lymphocytes of leukocytes were shown to increase significantly(p<.05), lymphocytes(F=11.772, p<.01) showed significant differences among groups. 4. After judo training, IgA and IgG of immunoglobulin were shown to increase significantly (p<.05), IgA(F=7.646, p<.05) and IgG (F=14.267, p<.01) showed significant differences among groups. Considering the above results, it is thought that judo training can prevent obesity due to reduced body fat and reduce neutral fat and cholesterol, thus preventing arteriosclerotic diseases. In addition, it is expected to play a positive role in defense against human bacterial infections, inflammatory reactions, and external antigen in immune function. It is thought that this will not only prevent the bodyguards' obesity but also maintain a healthy life and improve the security work efficiency. However, some studies have shown results that are somewhat different from the results of this study, so studies on blood lipids, immune function, and exercise will require more detailed research on various methods of exercise, such as exercise time and intensity.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examin height, weight and body composition nutrient intakes and serum lipids for high school girls in urban and fishing area. The subjects consisted of 78(44 fishing and 34 urban) high school girls aged in average 17.3 and 17 years. Their dietary intakes were assesed for 1 day by means of 24 hours dietary recall method. Concentrations of serum lipids, percentage of body fat and volume of total body water were measured. The mean energy intake of the subjects were 1431 ㎉ in fishing and 1659 ㎉ in urban area. The subjects in fishing area(urban) consumed 58(67) g protein, 27(36) g lipid, 459(634) mg calcium, 676(945) mg phosphorous, 11(14) mg iron, 786(574) RE retinol, 2.8(3.6) mg tocopherol, 0.9(1.0) mg thiamin, 1.2(1.1) mg riboflavin, 16.9(20.5) mg niacin and 64.1(92.8) mg ascorbic acid, respectively. Energy, calcium, iron and tocopherol intakes were lower than the Korean RDA in both girls. The mean percentage of fishing girls were 19.8% and significantly lower than 25.6% in urban. These values seem to fall in the desirable range in fishing girls, but high school girls in urban is seemed to overweight. The mean saturated fatty acid(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) and dietary cholesterol(Chol) intakes were 7.3 g, 8.1 g, 7.2 g and 263 mg for fishing girls were 13.1 g, 12.1 g, 9.1 g and 216 mg for urban girls respectively. The fat, SFA and MUFA intakes in fishing girls were significantly lower than urban girls. The P/M/S ratio was 0.9/1.1/1 for fishing, was 0.7/0.9/1 for urban. The mean serum triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 77.7(61.8) mg/dl, 124.5(142.3) mg/dl, 59.3(22.4) mg/dl and 49.6(107.8) mg/dl in fishing girls(urban girls), respectively. All of these values seem to fall in the desirable range but HDL-chlesterol concentrations in fishing girls were significantly higher than urban girls and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in fishing girls were significantly lower than urban girls. There were positive correlations between body fat percent and total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentration : negative correlations between between body fat percent and HDL-cholesterol concentration : positive correlation between fat intake and LDL-cholesterol concentration : negative correlations between serum HDL-cholesterol concentration and fat or SFA or MUFA intakes. (Korean J Human 1(1) : 81~93, 1998)

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.549-558
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise on the blood lipids, leptin, ghrelin, and HOMA-IR factors in obese postmenopausal Korean women. Thirty-six healthy postmenopausal women (mean age, $54.47{\pm}2.50$ years) with >32 % body fat were assigned randomly to an aerobic exercise group (n = 18) or to a "no exercise" control group (n = 18). The subjects' body composition, blood lipid, leptin, ghrelin levels, and HOMA-IR were measured before and after a 16-week line-dancing program. The exercise group showed a significant decrease in body weight, percent body fat, body mass index, visceral fat area, leptin, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In addition, this group exhibited a significant increase in the apolipoprotein A-I, ghrelin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The energy metabolic factors that influenced the visceral fat included ghrelin, leptin, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR. The t-value, which determined the statistical significance of the independent variables, was significant for ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05). Regular and continuous aerobic exercise (e.g., line dancing) effectively improved the body composition, visceral fat, serum blood lipids, leptin, ghrelin, and HOMA-IR factors in obese postmenopausal Korean women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.469-473
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the effect of a mixture of two water-soluble dietary fibers, psyllium husk and glucomannan, on serum lipids, fecal fat excretion and body fat. Twenty one female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups (control, pair-fed control and test group) and fed a high saturated fat (20% lard) diet (control diet) or a test diet (psyllium husk and glucomannan added to the control diet at the level of 0.9% and 0.68%, respectively) for 8 weeks. Pair-fed control rats were allowed to eat the amount of diet consumed by test group the preceding day. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio of test group were significantly lower compared with these of control group. The mean values of body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were lower in test group than in pair-fed control group, but the difference was not significant. There were no differences in food intake. The dry weight and water content of feces and fecal fat excretion were markedly greater in test group than in control groups. Serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were significantly lower in test group than in two control groups.1'he rats of two control groups had higher body fat contents than that of test group. These results indicate that the combination of the two water-soluble dietary fibers, psyllium husk and glucomannan, can be used as a potent lipid-lowering agent in individuals consuming high saturated fat diet.