• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.465-474
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• 1998

This study was examined on the effect of ex-vivo immunotherapy in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Sprague-Dawley female 40 rats were divided into Jour groups. As a positive control, Group I was intubated with DMBA, 5 mg /100 g body weight and single dose, at experimental onset. Group II was treated ex-vivo immunotherapy with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I : C) and Group III was treated with Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Group IV was negative control. All rats were sacrificed at 16 weeks after DMBA intubation. Mammary gland wet weight, dry fat free tissue weight, incidence of tumor, and the number of lobules, alveolar buds, terminal end buds, and terminal ducts were examined. Morphological changes of the mammary gland after treated with DMBA were analyzed by whole mount and histopathological method. As results, the induced mammary tumors of Group I, II and III were 60%, 33% and 0%, respectively. Histopathological types of induced-mammary tumors were adenoma, adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma. In analysis of the whole mount method, the number of the terminal end buds, terminal ducts and lobules were significantly lower in Group II (p<0.01) and III (p<0.01) than DMBA alone treated Group I. In microscopic observation, hyperplastic alveolar nodules were significantly lower in Group III than Group I (p<0.01). In conclusion, IL-2 had strong inhibitory effect on the mammary gland tumorigenesis induced by DMBA in rats. Whole mount method may be a useful technique to assess the mammary carcinogenesis. Moreover, hyperplastic alveolar nodules were very sensitive parameter to assess the mammary carcinogenesis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.179-191
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• 1993

Generally fatty liver is attributed either to chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, or obesity. Based upon this commonly held clinical brief, this study was conducted to investigate the contributing factors of fatty liver and odds ratio (OR) of known contributing factors. A sample of 310 male participants, who visited at Seoul Paik Automated Multiphasic Health Testing System from November 1991 to December 1991, was separated into 112 cases and 198 controls by ultrasonographic fin ding. There were statistically significant difference between fatty liver and normal in triglyceride (TG), body mass index (BMI), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), alcohol consumption, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transferase ($\gamma$-GT), duration of alcohol intake and alkaline phosphatase (Alk.P)(P<0.01, P<0.05). The statistically significant elevated odds ratio were noted for TG (4.48, confidence interval (CI) 2.66-7.55, P=0.000), alcohol consumption(3.24, CI 1.56-6.23, P=0.002), BMI(3.05, CI 1.87-4.97, P=0.000), and FBS (2.59, CI 1.53-4.40, P=0,000). In summary, it is suggested that the fatty liver could be preventive by avoiding such deleterious factors as high fat diet, alcohol and obesity.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate the relationships among blood lipid levels, nutrient intakes, oxidation and inflammation markers of overweight adults(23$\leq$BMI<25) and obese(BMI$\geq$25) in Korea. The subjects were classified as control, borderline hyperlipidemia. and hyperlipidemia groups based on The Korean Guidelines of Hyperlipidemia Treatment for the Prevention of Atherosclerosis. The study was conducted through questionnaires, anthropometric checkups, 2-days of 24 hr recalls, and blood biomarker analyses. Systolic blood pressure(SBP) was significantly increased in the hyperlipidemia group(p=0.0464). Intakes of nutrients were not significantly different among the three groups. Blood oxidized-LDL levels were significantly increased in the hyperlipidemia group(p<0.0001). Blood triglyceride(TG) levels were positively associated with BMI(p=0.0498), SBP(p=0.0158), and diastolic blood pressure(DBP; p=0.0076). Blood total cholesterol levels were positively associated with SBP(p=0.0005), and blood HDL-cholesterol levels were negatively associated with body fat (p=0.0408). Blood LDL-cholesterol levels were negatively associated with height(p=0.0207), and blood VLDL-cholesterol levels were positively associated with SBP(p=0.0011) and DBP(p=0.0490). Intakes of protein(p=0.0257) and dietary fiber (p=0.0094) were positively associated with blood HDL-cholesterol levels. Frap levels were positively associated with TG levels(p=0.0001) and VLDL-cholesterol levels(p=0.0077). Oxidized-LDL levels were positively associated with LDL-cholesterol levels(p=0.0135). These results suggest that oxidation and inflammation markers may be related to hypercholesterolemia progress, and dietary fiber intake may play a role in preventing hyperlipidemia in overweight and obese adults.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.121-134
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• 2004

Purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes of disabled children and non-disabled children. Subjects consisted of 86 disabled children from a special education school and 127 non-disabled children from an elementary school in Seoul. Nutrient intakes were assessed by modified 24-hr recall method, with the help of children's parents and teachers. Almost all nutrient intakes (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamin B$_1$ and niacin) of children with cerebral palsy were significantly lower than those of other groups. But nutrient intakes per body weight of children with cerebral palsy were not significantly different with those of other groups. There was no significant difference between disabled and non-disabled children in almost % RDA (rate of actual intake to RDA) except of energy %RDA in children with cerebral palsy. NARs (nutrient adequacy ratio) for energy and vitamin B$_1$ of children with cerebral palsy were significantly lower than those of children with autism and mental retardation, and non-disabled children. The proportions of energy, carbohydrate and protein intakes from lunch were significantly higher than those from breakfast and dinner in children with mental retardation and autism. The nutrient intakes of disabled children were different between other groups according to the type of handicap. For example, children with cerebral palsy had the risk of undernutrition. On the other hand, autistic children had the tendency of overnutrition. These results suggest that nutrition educational programs and educational materials for disabled children, their teachers and their parents should be developed considering the type of handicap.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1038-1044
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• 2002

The study was designed to observe the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on tumor incidence, eicosanoid formation and antioxidant enzyme activities in colonic mucosa and the fecal excretion of deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated rats. One hundred twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups, BT (beef tallow diet) group and FO (fish oil diet) group, and each group was again subdivided into 2 groups depending on CLA supplementation, i.e.4 groups of BT, BTC, FO, FOC. All rats were fed experimental diet for 30 weeks, which contained 12% (wt/wt) total dietary fat including 1% (wt/wt) CLA, and were intramuscularly injected with DMH for 6 weeks to give total dose of 180 mg/kg body. CLA-supplemented to BT and FO diet reduced tumor incidence, eicosanoid (PGE$_2$ and TXA$_2$) level in colonic mucosa. N-3 fatty acids (mainly DHA) of fish oil diet (FO, FOC group) also reduced tumor incidence and significantly reduced eicosanoid (PGE$_2$ and TXA$_2$) level in colonic mucosa. CLA supplementation and n-3 fatty acid significantly increased colonic mucosal level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities but reduced secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid) excretion in the feces. In conclusion, CLA supplementation and n-3 fatty acid could reduce tumor incidence by reducing eicosanoids and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities in colon and decreasing the excretion of deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid in the feces. The data might suggest that CLA supplementation and n-3 DHA rich fish oil may modulate colon carcinogenesis.termediate level of endurance exercise training for 6 weeks did not influence concentrations of most of free amino acid in soleus muscle of rats collected at an overnight fasted and rested state. In contrast, isolucine and leucine concentrations in extensor digitorum longus muscle of exercise-trained rats were significantly lower than those for control animals. These results indicate that aerobic energy metabolism had not been efficiently conducted, and thereby the utilization of BCAA for energy substrate was enhanced in fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers of extensor digitorum longus muscle of rats followed exercise-training protocol for 6 weeks.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2009

African Americans in the United States suffer from many health disparities such as obesity, diabetes or hypertension. Lifestyle factors including diet and physical activity play an important role in prevention of these health conditions. The purpose of this research project was to assess beliefs, barriers and self-efficacy of eating a healthy diet and self efficacy of shopping for foods such as whole grains or foods designated as low fat or low sodium. Additionally, the objective was to assess beliefs about healthfulness, appropriate consumption, and protective aspect of specific foods including fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. The assessment was done using a survey instrument developed for this study. Data collection took place at two church locations. Data were obtained from 57 African Americans, mean age 50 years old (SD 12.70) completed the survey. The majority of respondents (58.1%) were females and most (75%) had at least some college education. Generally, benefits of eating healthy foods received considerably higher scores compared to barriers of eating healthy. A belief that healthy foods would help to take care of one's body received the highest mean score while a belief that healthy foods are too expensive had the highest score from all barriers. The results showed high self-efficacy of eating and purchasing healthy foods, high awareness of knowledge regarding foods associated with disease prevention but low awareness of recommendations for fruits and vegetables. The high scores for benefits, self-efficacy and knowledge regarding eating healthy foods did not translate into the perception of intake of such foods. Most participants believed that they do not eat enough of healthy foods. Interventions design to help African Americans make dietary changes should be culturally relevant and should involved working on a community level utilizing messages that are familiar and relevant to African Americans.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2008

This study was aimed to investigate the nutritional status and the role of diabetes mellitus in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary assessments for HD 110 patients (46 males and 64 females) were conducted. Mean body mass index (BMI) was $22.1\;kg/m^2$ and prevalence of underweight (BMI<$18.5\;kg/m^2$) was 12%. The hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dl) was found in 15.5% of the subject, and hypocholesterolemia (<150 mg/dl) in 46.4%. About half (50.9%) patients had anemia (hemoglobin: <11.0 g/dL). High prevalence of hyperphosphatemia (66.4%) and hyperkalemia (43.5%) was also observed. More than 60 percent of subjects were below the recommended intake levels of energy (30-35 kcal/kg IBW) and protein (1.2 g/kg IBW). The proportions of subjects taking less than estimated average requirements for calcium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, and folate were more than 50%, whereas, about 20% of the subjects were above the recommended intake of phosphorus and potassium. Diabetes mellitus was the main cause of ESRD (45.5%). The diabetic ESRD patients showed higher HMI and less HD adequacy than nondiabetic patients. Diabetic patients also showed lower HDL-cholesterol levels. Diabetic ESRD patients had less energy from fat and a greater percentage of calories from carbohydrates. In conclusion, active nutrition monitoring is needed to improve the nutritional status of HD patients. A follow-up study is needed to document a causal relation between diabetes and its impact on morbidity and mortality in ESRD patients.

• Journal of mucopolysaccharidosis and rare diseases
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.43-45
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• 2016

Whole body energy balance is achieved through the coordinated regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure in various tissues including liver, muscle and adipose tissues. A positive energy imbalance by excessive energy intake or insufficient energy expenditure results in obesity and related metabolic diseases. Although there have been many obesity treatment trials aimed at the reduction of energy intake, these strategies have achieved only limited success because of their associated adverse effects. Serotonin is among those traditional pharmacological targets for anti-obesity treatment because central 5-HT functions as an anorexigenic neurotransmitter in the brain. Thus, there have been many trials aimed at increasing the activity of 5-HT in the central nervous system, and some of the developed methods are already used in the clinical setting as anti-obesity drugs. However, recent studies suggest the new functions of peripheral serotonin in energy homeostasis ranging from the endocrine regulation by gut-derived serotonin to the autocrine/paracrine regulation by adipocyte-derived serotonin. Pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT synthesis leads to inhibition of lipogenesis in epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT), induction of browning in inguinal WAT and activation of adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Fat specific Tph1 knock-out (Tph1 FKO) mice exhibit similar phenotypes as mice with pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT synthesis, suggesting the localized effects of 5-HT in adipose tissues. In addition, Htr3a KO mice exhibit increased energy expenditure in BAT and Htr2a KO mice exhibit the decreased lipid accumulation in WAT. These data suggest the clinical significance of the peripheral serotonergic system as a new therapeutic target for anti-obesity treatment.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.509-520
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated whether a mobile health (mHealth) application can instigate healthy behavioral changes and improvements in metabolic disorders in individuals with metabolic abnormalities. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Participants were divided into an mHealth intervention group (IG), which used a mobile app for 24 weeks, and a conventional IG. All mobile apps featured activity monitors, with blood pressure and glucose monitors, and body-composition measuring devices. The two groups were compared after 24 weeks in terms of health-behavior practice rate and changes in the proportion of people with health risks, and health behaviors performed by the IG that contributed to reductions in more than one health risk factor were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Preference for low-sodium diet, reading nutritional facts, having breakfast, and performing moderate physical activity significantly increased in the mHealth IG. Furthermore, the mHealth IG showed a significant increase of eight items in the mini-dietary assessment; particularly, the items "I eat at least two types of vegetables of various colors at every meal" and "I consume dairies, such as milk, yogurt, and cheese, every day." The proportion of people with health risks, with the exception of fasting glucose, significantly decreased in the mHealth IG, while only the proportion of people with at-risk triglycerides and waist circumference of females significantly decreased in the control group. Finally, compared to those who did not show improvements of health risks, those who showed improvements of health risks in the mHealth IG had an odds ratio of 1.61 for moderate to vigorous physical activity, 1.65 for "I do not add more salt or soy sauce in my food," and 1.77 for "I remove fat in my meat before eating." CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the additional use of a community-based mHealth service through a mobile application is effective for improving health behaviors and lowering metabolic risks in Koreans.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

Objective : In Western medicine, the cause of obesity include overeating, lack of exercise, genetic factor, endocrinal impediment and psychological factor. Since the society becomes more complexed and the tensions among social members gets intensified, psychological factor getting more important. In Oriental medicine, Seven Emotion(七情, in oriental medical term) as an emotional stressor was thought to be a factor of obesity. Therefore the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Seven Emotion and obesity in detail. Methods : overview the stress with the view of Oriental medicine and research the relationship between Seven Emotion as an emotional stressor and obesity. Results : 1. Seven Emotion can be understood as an emotional stress in Western medicine. If Seven Emotion is excessive, its extreme mental stimulation causes physical illness. 2. Having influence upon the function of internal organs, excessive Seven Emotion causes obesity. Since it hinders normal flow of Gangi(肝氣), Seven Emotion disturbs healthy function of Bi-Wi(脾胃) and normal fluctuation of Qi. Consequently, obesity is resulted from the accumulation of fat since normal metabolism of body is disrupted. 3. In Seven Emotion-Anger(怒), Joy(喜), Anxiety(憂), Thought(思), Sorrow(悲), Fear(恐), Surprise(驚)-give rise to Gan-bi-bul-wha(肝脾不和), Sim-hi-yang-huh(心脾兩虛), Bi-qi-huh(碑氣虛), Dam-sup-jeo-po(痰濕沮胞) and Wi-wha-sang-youm(胃火上炎) in type of symptom in obesity and therefore, cause obesity.