• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1120-1128
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• 2016

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogen and starch on the nutritional performance of grazing cattle during the rainy season. Five rumen cannulated Nellore steers, averaging 211 kg of body weight (BW), were used. Animals grazed on five signal grass paddocks. Five treatments were evaluated: control (forage only), ruminal supplementation with nitrogen at 1 g of crude protein (CP)/kg BW, ruminal supplementation with starch at 2.5 g/kg BW, supplementation with nitrogen (1 g CP/kg BW) and starch (2.5 g/kg BW), and supplementation with nitrogen (1 g CP/kg BW) and a mixture of corn starch and nitrogenous compounds (2.5 g/kg BW), thereby resulting in an energy part of the supplement with 150 g CP/kg of dry matter (DM). This last treatment was considered an additional treatment. The experiment was carried out according to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design following a $2{\times}2+1$ factorial arrangement (with or without nitrogen, with or without starch, and the additional treatment). Nitrogen supplementation did not affect (p>0.10) forage intake. Starch supplementation increased (p<0.10) total intake but did not affect (p<0.10) forage intake. There was an interaction between nitrogen and starch (p<0.10) for organic matter digestibility. Organic matter digestibility was increased only by supplying starch and nitrogen together. Nitrogen balance (NB) was increased (p<0.10) by the nitrogen supplementation as well as by starch supplementation. Despite this, even though a significant interaction was not observed (p>0.10), NB obtained with nitrogen plus starch supplementation was greater than NB obtained with either nitrogen or starch exclusive supplementation. Supplementation with starch and nitrogen to beef cattle grazing during the rainy season can possibly improve digestion and nitrogen retention in the animal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to compare both the performance of litters derived from two sire genetic origins (SGO), Vienna Blue (VB) and Burgundy Fawn (BF), along successive seasons of birth (SB; winter, spring, summer and autumn), and doe reproductive performance in an organic production system. A total of fifty-eight does consisting of a mixture of crosses of several medium-large size breeds at different parity order (P, 1 = nulliparous; 2 = primiparous; ${\geq}3$ = multiparous) and twelve males (6 VB and 6 BF) were housed indoors at environmental conditions that followed seasonality. An extensive reproductive rhythm was used and kits were weaned at $46{\pm}6$ d of age. Doe reproductive performance and the data of 105 litters (55 from VB and 50 from BF SGO) were recorded throughout the SB. No statistically significant differences related to SGO effect were observed. As regards parity order, multiparous does showed higher live weights (LW) (p<0.05), total born (p<0.01), total born alive (p<0.05) per delivery, and litter weight of born alive (p<0.05), but lower milk output at 21st d than primiparous does (p<0.05). The extensive reproductive rhythm mainly increased litter performance at birth in multiparous does but was not sufficient to permit a complete recovery of body reserves lost during lactation. Autumn SB negatively affected doe LW variation between deliveries. The number of pups born and born alive per delivery (p<0.05) and litter size at 21 d of age and at weaning (p<0.01) were lower during hot SB. Due to the lower litter size of pups born in summer and autumn, their individual weight at 21st d of age and daily individual growth rate 0 to 21 d were higher than those of pups born in winter (p<0.001). Litter performance at 21st d of age and individual pup pre-weaning growth rate were poorer for those born in spring than in other seasons due to the harmful effects of increased environmental temperatures. SB affected most of the performance traits of does and young rabbits reared under the organic farming system. The rabbits seemed better suited to organic rearing conditions during winter than in other seasons. The worst results overall were obtained in the spring SB, whereas the hot SB negatively affected both doe energy balance and prolificacy. In conclusion, the pups of the 2 SGO showed good pre-weaning performance and seemed suited to the organic rabbit production system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 1991

In this study measured were daily intake and excretion of iron copper and cobalt of eight 21-23years old college women during four weeks by means of analyzing their food intake urine and feces while keeping their normal living pattern and maintenace of body weight. this is study also compared the actural meaurement value of iron intake by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with the conversion value of it by food table. The results were as follows. Daily mean intakes for iron copper and cobalt were $13.85{\pm}1.10mg/day,\;1.44{\pm}0.14mg/day\;and\;3.25{\pm}0.18mg/day$. Daily mean urinary excretions for iron copper and cobalt were $1.38{\pm}0.27mg/day\;0.06{\pm}0.01mg/day\;and\;0.59{\pm}0.07mg/day$. Daily mean fecal excretions for iron cop-per and cobalt were $7.66{\pm}0.79mg/day\;0.59{\pm}0.11mg/day\;and\;0.94{\pm}0.16mg/day$ The actual measurement value for iron intake was $13.85{\pm}1.10mg/day$ and its conversith value $15.26{\pm}1.17mg/day$ : the former was 9% than the latter.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.300-307
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• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the content of inorganic metals in botanical pills and assess the safety of mineral balance in body. Inorganic metals (Fe, Ca, Zn, Na, Mg, K, Pb, Cd, Cr) were detected in 11 kinds, 51 samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The average concentration of inorganic metals in botanical pills was in the order of K(7933.32 mg/kg)>Na(5848.58mg/kg)>Ca(2741.60mg/kg)>Mg(1595.34mg/kg)>Fe(353.14mg/kg)>Zn(22.49mg/kg)>Cr(3.51mg/kg)>Pb(0.24mg/kg)>Cd(0.09mg/kg). In samples, Morus and Laminaria contained a great quantity of K and Na, Acanthopanacis cortex, Eucommia ulmoides, Pinus densiflora, Lycii fructus, Allium sativum for. pekinense, and Platycode radix had much more amount of K than that of Na, in the mean time, Artemisia capillaris, Carthamus tinctorius seed, and Rubi fructus had various kinds of plenty inorganic metals.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1476-1484
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• 2004

Aging is characterized by an age-dependent reduction in bone density. Pronounced bone loss by postmenopausal estrogen deficiency induces a bad effect on dynamic balance of bone metabolism. When the bone density is reduced to the level below the fracture threshold, the risk for fracture is greatly increased. The purpose of this study is to examine what are the effects of the Guisinhwan(GSH : 歸腎丸) on the ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The results of the experiment are as follows: Body weight in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated showed no change in comparison with control. The level of serum albumin in control group showed significant decrease in comparison with sham. That in GSH-treated was slightly decreased in comparison with control. The level of serum ALP activity in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated was significantly decreased in comparison with control. The level of serum phosphorous, calcium, GOT, GPT, T3 did not significant change among the three groups. The level of serum estrogen in control group showed slightly decreased in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated showed no change in comparison with control. The level of serum T4 in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated was significantly decreased in comparison with control. Trabecular bone area as well as trabecular thickness in control group showed significant decrease In comparison with sham. Those in GSH-treated showed significant increase in comparison with control. Trabecular number did not significant change among the three groups. Trabecular separation only in GSH-treated showed significant decrease in comparison with control. Osteoclast number in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham. That in GSH-treated showed significant decrease in comparison with control. Oseoblast surface in control group showed significant increase in comparison with sham, but that in GSH-treated showed no change in comparison with control. According to the above these results, GSH has shown to be capable of preventing and curing osteoporosis caused by old-aged and postmenopause.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.220-238
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• 1976

Six cases of congenital heart disease were operated on by means of cardiopulmonary bypass between December, 1975 and April, 1976. Two cases of ventricular septal defects (VSD), two cases of VSD, associated with ruptured aneurysm of sinus Valsalva, two cases of atrial septal defects (ASD) and one case of pulmonic stenosis with patent ductus arteriosus were operated. Sarns roller pumps and Bentley Temptrol oxygenators were used for extracorporeal circulation. Pump oxygenator was primed with Ringer's lactate solution, 5% dextrose in water, mannitol, and ACD blood. Flow rate ranged from 2.0 to $2.4L/M^2/min$. Bicarbonate was added to the oxygenator with estimated amount as 15 mEq/L/hr. Venous catheters were introduced into superior and inferior vena cava, and oxygenated blood was returned to the body through aortic cannula inserted into ascending aorta. Moderate hypothermia ($30^{\circ}C$) was induced by core cooling. Aorta was cross clamped for 15 minutes and released for 3 minutes, and repeated clamping when necessary. Atrial and ventricular septal efects were closed by direct sutures. Aneurysms of sinus Valsalva ruptured into the right ventricle were repaired through right ventriculotomy by d:rect closure with Dacron patch reinforcement. Cardiopulmonary bypass time varied from 66 to 209 minutes, and aorta cross clamping time ranged from 13 to 56 minutes. Postoperative bleeding was minimal except one case who needed for evacuation of substernal hematoma. Intra- and postoperative urinary output was satisfactory. Acid-base balance, partial pressure of $O_2$, electrolytes, and hematological changes during intra- and post-perfusion period remained at the acceptable ranges. No mortality was experienced.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely used for the treatment of many functional disorders such as substance abuse and mental dysfunction. Clinical trials are currently underway to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of drug addiction. Yet, there are still many unanswered questions about the basic mechanism of acupuncture. Studies have shown that both the psychomotor stimulant effects and rewarding properties of addictive drugs, including morphine, are sensitized by repeated drug administration and raised the possibility that both of these effects may be linked to the same or closely overlapping the mesolimbic dopamine systems. Neiguan (PC6) point on the pericardium channel which is associated with the brain and its mental function, has been used to treat mental, psychosomatic disorders and gastroenterological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of acupuncture on repeated morphine-induced changes in extracellular dopamine levels using in vivo microdialysis and to measure the effect of acupuncture on Fos-like immunoreactivity. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated twice a day for three days with increasing doses of morphine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, s.c.) or with saline. After 15 days of withdrawal, rats were challenged with morphine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, s.c.). Acupuncture was applied at bilateral Neiguan (PC6) points for 1 min after the morphine challenge. Results showed that acupuncture at the specific acupoint PC6, but not at control points (tail and HE8) significantly decreased Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by a systemic morphine challenge or a single s.c. morphine injection in the morphine-repeated animals. Results and Conclusions : These results suggest that reduction in sensitization may be one mechanism whereby acupuncture alleviates morphine craving in addicts. Moreover, in a more general sense these results suggest that acupuncture can be used as a therapeutic intervention for correcting reversible malfunction of the body by direction of brain pathway and thus acupuncture can contribute to the biochemical balance in the central nervous system by regulating neurotransmitters.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.87-114
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• 2008

The cultured tuna production which has suddenly expanded at the short time and the demand for it attract attention. Farming mode, distribution transactions, change of the market (domestic and international) and the price trend are reviewed from the Japan's position which is the biggest consuming country. This paper tries to describe the current status of the food system related to the cultured tuna. Japanese government began the development of the tuna culture technology in 1970. It was by the Fisheries Agency's project. Kinki University which is the large scale private university in Japan participated in the project. After that, 32 years have passed. Kinki University established the full farming of the bluefin tuna in August, 2002. On the other hand, in 1974, one Japanese private enterprise began its tuna farming business in Canada. Kinki University gave this company technical cooperation. Also, in the early stages of the 90s, as for the policy of the overseas fishery cooperation foundation, it supported the tuna farming business in Australia. It is very clear to understand that the long-term technological-development has supported the take-off scene of the tuna culture business not only in foreign countries but also in Japan. The total shipment scale of the cultured tuna expanded very much within about 10 recent years. However, the decrease of the wild tuna catch, the reinforcement of the fisheries regulation and the tuna body to dwarf are remarkable now. Under the condition as the mentioned above, Japan's tuna consumption, especially, in the market at the fatty meat of tuna of the cultured tuna is building up firm status. At present, the Mediterranean Sea coastal countries, Australia, Mexico and Japan have the tuna farming sites. Australia farms the southern bluefin tuna. The others do the bluefin tuna. About for 3 years, Japan farms the juvenile of the tuna. The global production areas are as follows. 8 coastal countries of the Mediterranean Sea; 18,000 tons (61 % of the cultured tuna quantity in foreign countries), Mexico; 4,500 ton (15%), Australia; 7,000 tons (24%). In 2003, Japan has 32 managements and 39 offices for tuna farming. In Japan, Kyushu and Okinawa district, the share shows itself as 80 % of the domestic production quantity. Especially, the share of Amami-oshima Island in Kagoshima Prefecture exceeds 60 %. Therefore, this island has the maximum production scale of Japan. The amount of supply of BT and SBT was 56,000 tons in 2004. In Abroad, the tuna farming business forms a fixed connection between the importer and the wholesaler which have their office in Japan. In the field of the capital composition, the payment in advance, transaction and the way of settlement, each maintains their fixed relation. The market conditions of the cultured tuna are supported by "the decline of price level" and "the expansion of the general public consumption segment". These lead a team merchandising, and it is supported by the fixed business connection of each. This makes the profit of each business which are on the cultured tuna distribution. However, they have competition on the power balance among them.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.83-100
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• 1999

Modern technology has lessened the physical demand of every activities. Thus, physical inactivity has led to a rise in ‘Hypokinetic diseases’. The prefix, hypo, means lack of and kinetic refers to movement. Individuals who do not exercise regularly are at greater risk of developing hypokinetic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, musculoskeletal disease. Systematic exercise program defenses development of hypokinetic diseases. Exercise program bases on basic physical fitness test. The physical fitness evaluation is used to degree of Wellness of the individuals. It includes the evaluation of Health-Related Physical Fitness -musclular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition - and skill or sports related fitness -agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, speed. In present study, the authors investigated health-related physical fitness test result and questionnaire for 133 male and 71 female from Jannuary 16 to March 15, 1997. The purpose of this study is to observe relationship health related physical fitness and self-perceived health status. The results are as follows. 1. There were statistically significant differences in BMI, grip strength, back strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility between male and female subjects. Flexibility is higher in female than male subject, but Others are higher in male than female subjects. 2. There were statistically significant differences in grip strength, muscular endurance between 30s, 40s, and 50s group In both gender subjects, and In cardiorespiratoryendurance between the groups especially in Female subjects. 3. For male subjects, flexibilitywas measured lower in group who classified low level in self-perceived health status than group of others. Also, for female, subjects, Muscular endurance ＆ flexibility were measured. 4. It was shown that grip strength, back strength, and muscular endurance were significantly lower in group who have chronic diseases than normal group for Male subjects. But, For female subjects, all the component were statistically insignificant results between normal and disease group. 5. Both male and female subjects, there were Positive correlation among grip strength, back strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility but, negative correlation for age. Therefore, health-related physical fitness is very important component for Heath Promotion ＆ Wellness. Physical Fitness test is valuable test in health evaluation, health management and health promotion, so available for hospital, sports center, community health center, industrial field, school etc.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.440-452
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• 2005

Objective: In the winter of 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) began to spread throughout the world. More than 5,000 cases were reported in China, including over 1,700 cases in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(Hong Kong SAR). The total number of cases reported from Canada and Singapore was more than 200. The total number of SARS cases world-wide reached 8,437 with incidences in 29 counties. Mortality from SARS is estimated at $10{\sim}12%$. When the SARS outbreak occurred in China, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China immediately initiated clinical research projects on the use of integrated herbal medicine and Western medicine for treating SARS. and, in Hong Kong SAR, research on the use of herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of SARS. Reports were released during convalescence. The objective of this study is to overview twelve clinical SARS reports of WHO on the treatment of SARS with herbal medicine and evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment of SARS with herbal medicine, and further to share experiences and knowledge of the treatment of SARS. Methods: Twelve clinical reports about SARS from the WHO were selected, overviewed and evaluated for efficacy and safety of treatments of SARS. Results and Conclusion: Twelve clinical reports about SARS showed that the integrated treatment may have advantages, and the advantages are reflected in the following findings: Firstly, herbal medicine is not targeted only at a specific etiology or a certain pathological link, but also at the pathological status of the patients at that particular time. Therefore, comprehensive readjustment was made through various angles, targets and channels to restore the balance of the body. Secondly, there are advantages in the differentiation of the disease and the treatment. Based on the various symptoms, herbal medicine enables the physician to adopt the most suitable principle, provide individual treatment, and to administer medicine in accordance with the actual process and nature of the illness. Thirdly, there are advantages in the results of the treatment; herbal medicine can relieve symptoms, promote absorption of lung inflammation, improve the degree of blood oxygen saturation, regulate immunological functions, reduce the required dosage of glucocorticoid and other Western medicines, and reduce case fatality rate, in addition to lowering the cost of treatment.