• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2016

Objectives : The objective of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effects of Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture on formalin-induced pain in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. Methods : In this experiment there were four groups, each with six SD rats. In the normal group (NOR), normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the control group (CON), normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 3 % group (DP3), Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 3 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 5 % group (DP5), Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. We analyzed ultrasonic vocalization (USV), Substance P, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), and alanine aminotransferase(ALT). Results : In the early phase of USV, both DP3 and DP5 had an analgesic effect. In the late phase, DP5 had an analgesic effect compared to CON. Substance P in DP5 was significantly decreased compared to CON. In regards to blood AST and ALT, there was no significant difference among NOR, CON, DP3 or DP5. Conclusion : These results suggest that Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture helps to reduce formalin-induced pain. It's mechanism is related to substance P, and Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture has no influence on liver toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

We tried to determine the optimum salinity for a cultured of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by investigating after exposing the fish at different salinity (10, 15, 20 and 25 psu) for 24 and 48 hours compared with control group (fish before transfer to experimental tank). As a control groups, we compared an analyzed with other experimental groups using olive flounder in natural sea water. Hematological parameters including hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb), cortisol and glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), $NH_3$, osmolality, total protein (TP), $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ mostly exhibited significant changes at 10 and 15 psu groups compared with control groups for 24 and 48 hours exposed. Plasma SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) activity also increased with experimental groups (10 and 15 psu) compared to the control groups. The expression of HSP70 mRNA was also higher at low-salinity (10 and 15 psu) than at control group. In particular, after 24 hours exposed, it expression to 15 psu groups showed a significant difference compared to the control group. However, after 48 hours exposed, it expression was higher in the 10 psu groups than the control. It is assumed that the changes in the hematological responses and hormone, homeostasis and metabolism were resulted in to protect fish body from stress. Based on these results, we are expected that it will be used as basic data for the culture of olive flounder prepared for low salinity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2007

This study was designed to observe the effects of the Phellinus linteus-Barley corn water extract (PLBC) on the improvement of the blood biochemical aspects; serum AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, Phospholipid, Trigryceride, Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, of Triton WR-1339(TX)-induced hiperlipidemic rats. Experimental groups were designed to normal control group(Normal), hiperlipidemic control group(Control), hiperlipidemic control group treated with Barley corn water extract(1000mg/1kg ; BC), hiperlipidemic control group treated with Phellinus linteus-Barley corn water extract (500, 1000, 1500mg/1kg; PLBC-1, PLBC-2, and PLBC-3, respectively). Serum AST levels of BC and all PLBC treated groups were significantly decreased (p<0.005) compared to Control group. Serum ALT levels of BC and PLBC-2 groups were decreased (p<0.05), PLBC-1 and PLBC-3 groups were significantly decreased (p<0.005) compared to Control group. Serum LDH levels of BC group was decreased but no significant, PLBC-1 and PLBC-2 groups were decreased (p<0.05), PLBC-3 group was significantly decreased (p<0.025) compared to Control group. Serum ALP levels of BC and PLBC-1 groups were decreased (p<0.05), PLBC-2 group was decreased but no significant, PLBC-3 group was significantly decreased (p<0.005) compared to Control group. Serum Phospholipid levels of BC group was decreased but no significant, PLBC-1 group was decreased (p<0.025), PLBC-2 and PLBC-3 groups were significantly decreased (p<0.005) compared to Control group. Serum Triglyceride levels of BC group was increased but no significant, PLBC-1 group was decreased but no significant, PLBC-2 and PLBC-3 groups were significantly decreased (p<0.005) compared to Control group. Serum Total cholesterol levels of BC group was decreased (p<0.05), PLBC-1, PLBC-2 and PLBC-3 groups were significantly decreased (p<0.005) compared to Control group. Serum HDL levels of BC group was increased (p<0.05), PLBC-1 and PLBC-2 groups were significantly increased (p<0.005), PLBC-3 group was increased (p<0.025) compared to Control group. Serum LDL levels of BC, PLBC-1 and PLBC-2 groups were decreased but no significant, PLBC-3 group was significantly decreased (p<0.005) compared to Control group. These results suggested that Phellinus linteus-Barley corn water extract improve Triton WR-1339(TX)-induced hiperlipidemic symptom in rats.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 1997

This study was planned to evaluate the urinary ascorbic acid as a new biological marker for the intoxication of cadmium, which could possibly be driven by its increased utilization and environmental pollution. In order to meet this goal, we have peformed measurement of urinary ascorbic acid concentration, histopathological examination of the kidney, and biochemical test for the liver function using cadmium-intoxicated rats by oral administration. The average concentrations of urinary ascorbic acid in the $CdCl_2$-treated rats were 214.0 mg/dl for 100 ppm group and 254.3 mg/dl for 200 ppm group during experimental period of 50 days. These levels are 24 and 28 times higher than one in the control group (9.0 mg/dl), respectively. Ultrastructural study showed the eosinophilic hyaline cast and focal effacement, fusion in the renal tubules, as well as loss of foot processes on the glomerular epithelial cells. These results suggested that cadmium may be responsible for renal glomerular injury. The blood levels of AST, ALT and LDH in the treated groups (199 IU/I, 88 IU/I, 1190 U/I for the 100 ppm group and 270 IU/I, 226 IU/I, 760 U/I for the 200 ppm group) were higher than ones in the control group(143 IU/I, 50 IU/I, 334 U/I). These results indicated the cadmium induced the damage of liver function. In conclusion, the administration of cadmium showed a remarkable increase of urinary ascorbic acid with renal and hepatic damage. Therefore, it is expected that measurement of urinary ascorbic acid would be an powerful method as a noninvasive biomarker for cadmium intoxication.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effects of Needle Electrode Electrical Stimulation (NEES) on ischemia-induced cerebrovascular accidents. After obstruction and reperfusion of ${\ast}{\ast}$ arteries in white mice, the amounts of necrosis and inflammation related substances IL-6, Caspase-3, and PARP, C-fos were measured in neurons of the hippocampus. The following results were obtained. Methods : This study used 21 male specific pathogen free (SPF) SD (Sprague Dawley) rats, 8 weeks of age and approximately 300 g in weight, that were given at least 1 week to adapt to the lab environment Each exposed artery was completely occluded with non-absorbent suture thread and kept in that state for 5 minutes. The sutures were then removed to allow reperfusion of blood. Test group is control group for comparison with the common carotid artery occlusion models, a GI group that underwent common carotid artery occlusion, and a needle electrode electrical stimulation (NEES) group that underwent NEES after artery occlusion. The GI and NEES groups were given 12, 24, or 48 hours of reperfusion before NEES. NEES device (PG6, ITO, Japan, 9V, current, 2Hz) was used to stimulate the right and left acupoint ST36 of the SD rats for 30 minutes while they were sedated with 3% isoflurane. An immunohistochemistry test was done on the forebrains of the GI induced rats. All the data collected from this study was symbolized and analyzed using a statistics processing program (SPSS 12.0K/PC). The level of significance was set at ${\alpha}$=0.05 and a T-TEST analysis was used to find out the effects of treatment on each of the groups: the normal group, the CVA induced group, and the treatment after CVA induction group. Results : Both PARP and C-fos immuno-reactive cells, related to apoptosis, were greater in the GI groups than the NEES group. Caspase and IL-6 immuno-reactive cells, related to inflammation, were greater in the GI and NEES groups than the control group. Conclusions : This research was conducted to study the effects of NEES on CVA due to ischemia. Occlusion and reperfusion was performed on the common carotid arteries of white rats, after which amounts of substances related to neuron necrosis and inflammation - PARP, IL-6, Caspase-3, and C-fos - were measured in the Hippocampus

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.49-53
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• 2016

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common syndrome resulting in kidney damage and malfunction within a few days or even a few hours. The diagnosis of AKI depends on routine biochemical tests, including serum creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and electrolytes. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a biomarker that shows correlation with the severity of acute infections and kidney injuries. The predictive value in other conventional assays for kidney functions has been reported to cause distraction for AKI syndrome. The aim of this study is to verify the predictive value of plasma NGAL in patients with established AKI. The NGAL kit for checkup demonstrates sensitivity of ${\geq}300$ (92.2%), ${\geq}200$ (95.6%), ${\geq}100$ (99.6%), specificity of ${\geq}300$ (95.1%), ${\geq}200$ (97.3%), ${\geq}100$ (99.4%), positive predictability of ${\geq}300$ (93.3%), ${\geq}200$ (93.4%), ${\geq}100$ (99.2%), and negative predictability of ${\geq}300$ (96.7%), ${\geq}200$ (97.7%), ${\geq}100$ (98.1%), respectively. The plasma NGAL compared with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been shown to be an early predictive biomarker of AKI. The NGAL kit, recently developed for point-of-care of plasma specimens, is thought to be a useful and reliable biomarker for the early diagnosis of decreased kidney functions.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2008

Pathological symptoms and hematological parameters of red sea bream, Pagrus major and water temperature in the culture ground was investigated to clarlify the cause of winter moratility. Dead fish showed green liver and accumulation of ascites in the cavity. A few Bivagina tai were also found on the gill but either bacteria or virus were not. When hematological parameters from fish taken before/after the winter mortality were compared, blood glucose, serum AST and ALT, and total cholesterol, trigyceride and total protein were significantly decreased in the fish after the winter mortality. These results may explain that the nutritional level of fish was decreased because fish could not fed during winter season. According to the CORI monitoring system operating by KODC, NFRDI a long term water temperature from Dec. 25, 2005 to Feb. 24, 2006 (60 days) were exposed the low water temperature environments to the red sea bream. First of all, mass mortality began at Sarayngdo where low temperature below 8℃ continued for 42 days. The winter mortality did not occured in the depths of 9 m to 19.2 m where difference of water temperature in the surface and bottom was only within 0.1℃. But in the depth of 7.5 m to 11 m winter mortality occured where water temperature in the surface and bottom showed much variation ranged from 0.2℃ to 1.4℃. From these results, great difference of water temperature in the surface and bottom of the culturing area might results in winter mortality of red sea bream.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.336-342
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic effects of flumazenil on anesthesia induced with tiletamine/zolazepam in dogs. The anesthetic effects (sedation, analgesic, muscle relaxation, posture and auditory response score), vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature) and blood biochemistry (glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) were examined as indicators of the antagonistic effects. A total of 6 clinically healthy mongrel dogs were used in this study. The dogs in TZ group received administration of tiletamine/zolazepam 10 mg/kg IV. The dogs in TZF group received administration dose of TZ 10 mg/ kg IV followed by the administration of flumazenil 0.1 mg/kg 20 minutes after administering a TZ 10 mg/kg dose. There were significant differences in the recovery of anesthesia between the groups. The GLU level in the TZF group after the administration of flumazenil was significantly higher than that of the TZ group. There was a larger change in the HR in the TZF group than in the TZ group until 30 minutes after flumazenil administration. The sternal recumbency, standing and walking times of the TZF group were faster than those of the TZ group. In conclusion, flumazenil showed antagonistic effect against tiletamine/zolazepam in dogs. When recovering from anesthesia, flumazenil reduced sternal recumbency, standing and walking times.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.343-347
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic effects of yohimbine on sedation induced in dogs with medetomidine. Six mixed breed dogs were repeatedly used at a 2 weeks withdrawal time in this study. The dogs received $40\;{\mu}g/kg$ of medetomidine followed 15 minutes later by 0.2 ml/kg saline solution (group M) or 0.11 mg/kg yohimbine (group MY). All the dogs were examined before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 and 150 minutes after the injection of medetomidine, and the induction and recovery times, vital signs, blood biochemistry and anesthetic quality were recorded. There were significant differences in the recovery of anesthesia between the groups. In both groups the heart rate decreased rapidly down to five minutes after the administration of medetomidine. The activity of ALT, AST and the protein concentration did not change significantly in either group and there was no significant difference between them at any time. Response to noise, muscle tone and analgesic score in the MY group at 30 minutes were significantly lower than those of the M group. When recovering from anesthesia, the dogs treated with yohimbine took less time to achieve sternal recumbency and less time to be able to stand and walk. It was concluded that yohimbine reversed effectively medetomidine sedation in dogs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2018

Paralichthys olivaceus (mean length, $13.3{\pm}1.6cm$; mean weight, $25.6{\pm}3.7g$) were exposed to waterborne hexavalent chromium at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, and $2.0mg\;L^{-1}$) for 10 days. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin and hematocrit of P. olivaceus were significantly decreased after waterborne chromium exposure. There were no significant alterations in inorganic plasma components, calcium, or magnesium after waterborne chromium exposure. Organic plasma components such as glucose and cholesterol levels were significantly increased after exposure to chromium at concentration over $1.0mg\;L^{-1}$. However, significant change in total protein was not observed. Enzymatic plasma components such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly increased after chromium exposure. Results of this study indicate that waterborne chromium exposure can cause significant alterations in hematological parameters and plasma components of P. olivaceus. Such changes in parameters could be used as reliable indicators for toxic effects of waterborne chromium exposure.