• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.845-855
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• 2013

Requirements of dietary chloride (dCl) and chloride salts were determined by using $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement under four phase feeding program. Four levels (0.31, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73%) and two sources ($NH_4Cl$ and $CaCl_2$) of the dCl were allocated to 1,472 chicks in eight dietary treatments in which each treatment was replicated four times with 46 birds per replicate. The four phase feeding program was comprised of four dietary phases: Prestarter (d 1 to 10), Starter (d 11 to 20), Grower (d 21 to 33) and Finisher (d 34 to 42); and diets were separately prepared for each phase. The cations, anions, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity were analyzed in drinking water and were not affected by dietary treatments. BW gain (BWG; $p{\leq}0.009$) and feed:gain (FG; $p{\leq}0.03$) were improved in $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets during d 1 to 10. The maximum response of BWG and FG was observed at 0.38% and 0.42% dCl, respectively, for d 34 to 42. However, the level of dCl for BWG during d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.04$) and d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.009$) was optimized at 0.60% and 0.42%, respectively. The level of dCl for optimized feed intake (FI; $p{\leq}0.006$), FG ($p{\leq}0.007$) and litter moisture (LM; $p{\leq}0.001$) was observed at 0.60%, 0.38% and 0.73%, respectively, for d 1 to 42. Water intake (DWI) was not affected by increasing dCl supplementation (p>0.05); however, the ratio between DWI and FI (DWI:FI) was found highest at 0.73% dCl during d 1 to 10 ($p{\leq}0.05$) and d 21 to 33 ($p{\leq}0.009$). Except for d 34 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.006$), the increasing level of dCl did not result in a significant difference in mortality during any phase. Blood pH and glucose, and breast and thigh weights (percentage of dressed weight) were improved while dressing percentage (DP) and gastrointestinal health were exacerbated with $NH_4Cl$ as compared to $CaCl_2$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Higher plasma $Na^+$ and $HCO_3{^-}$ and lower $Cl^-$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ were observed in $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ($p{\leq}0.001$). Increasing supplementation of dCl increased plasma $Cl^-$ ($p{\leq}0.04$; quadratically) and linearly reduced plasma $K^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ ($p{\leq}0.003$), $HCO_3{^-}$ ($p{\leq}0.001$), and $Na^+$ ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratically). Consequently, higher requirements of dietary chloride are suggested for feed intake; nevertheless, lower levels of dietary chloride are sufficient to support optimal BWG and FG with increasing age. The $NH_4Cl$ supplemented diets ameliorate breast and thigh meat yield along with overall energy balance (glucose).

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.326-329
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• 2015

영지버섯과 상황버섯의 항당뇨 효능을 알아보기 위하여 실험을 수행하였으며, 당뇨병에 negative regulator로 작용하는 PTP1B의 억제 활성을 살펴본 결과 영지버섯과 상황버섯이 억제 활성을 보였으며, 타액의 ${\alpha}-amylase$는 타액과 췌장내에서 탄수화물의 소화에 있어서 중요한 효소로 작용하며 이 효소를 저해시킴으로서 탄수화물의 소화 속도를 지연시켜 식후 혈당 상승을 억제할 수 있다. ${\alpha}-amylase$ 억제활성정도를 실험으로 확인한 결과 양성대조구와 비슷한 억제활성을 보였으며, 상황버섯은 89%로 Acarbose와 같은 억제 활성을 보였다. ${\alpha}-glucosidase$는 다당류의 탄수화물을 단당류로 분해하는 탄수화물의 소화와 흡수에 필수적인 효소로 억제활성을 실험으로 확인한 결과 양성대조구와는 다르게 낮은 억제 활성을 보였다. 두 가지 소화효소에 모두 억제활성을 보이는 기존제품의 단점을 보완할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1263-1271
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• 2000

A total of 80 piglets ($5.85{\pm}0.62kg$ BW; 21 d of age) were used to study the effect of carnitine addition to extruded full-fat soybean (EFS) diets on the growth of weaned pigs. Pigs were allotted into five treatments based on body weight, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment has 4 replicates of 4 heads each. Treatments were 1) SBM (positive control), 2) EFS without carnitine (negative control), 3) EFS with 50 ppm carnitine, 4) EFS with 100 ppm carnitine and 5) EFS with 150 ppm carnitine. During d 0 to 14, piglets were fed diets containing 3,400 kcal ME, 23% crude protein, 1.65% lysine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P and for the period of d 15 to 28, piglets were fed diets supplying 3,300 kcal ME, 20% crude protein, 1.55% lysine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. The urease activity of EFS (0.18) were three times higher than SBM (0.07). During d 0-14, pigs fed SBM had greater ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed extruded full-fat soybean diets (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio was not different among treatments. No linear or quadratic effect of carnitine addition was found in growth performance. During d 15-28, piglets fed SBM diet also showed better ADG and FCR with no significant differences among treatments. Feed intake tended to increase as carnitine addition level was increased (p=0.10). For overall period (d o to 28), the best performance was observed in pigs fed SBM diet. CP digestibility was higher in pigs fed SBM diet than piglets fed EFS diet at d 14, and DM and CP digestibility tended to be higher in pigs fed SBM diet at d 28. Blood metabolites (BUN, glucose and cholesterol)were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, based on the results of this study piglets at 21 d of age appeared to be not ready for extruded full-fat soybean (FFSB) in their diets. Piglets fed extruded FFSB showed decreased growth rate compared to piglets fed SBM diet. Nutrient utilization was also poor in piglets fed extruded FFSB diets. L-carnitine addition at the level of 50 to 150 ppm was not effective in improving the growth performance of pigs fed EFS diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1024-1030
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• 1998

KK마우스에 고지방 식이를 섭취시켜 당뇨를 유발하고, Maillard 반응의 초기산물인 Hb $A_{IC}$와 후기 산물인 신장조직의 CLF가 증가되는지를 확인하고. 당뇨병에 의해 증가되는 Maillard 반응이 비타민 I의 투여로 억제되는지 관찰하였다. 또 신장조직의 광학 현미경 관찰을 통하여 신장병변을 검사하였다. 이유즉시 KK마우스를 1개월간 pellet diet로 적응시킨 후 저비타민 E 식이(corn oil 20%, wt/wt)를 먹여 당뇨를 유도하였다. 비타민 E 보강은 2080IU/kg diet 수준으로 하였으며. 생후 4개월 , 6개월 . 9개월(당뇨 0개월. 2개월, 5개월)에 희생시켰다. 정상 KK-마우스에서는 월령이 증가하였을 때. 혈당과 Hb $A_{IC}$는 유의적인 변화를 보이지 않았으나 신장조직의 CLF는 점진적으로 증가되었다. 당뇨군에서 Hb $A_{IC}$는 6개월에서 증가되기 시작하였고 9개월군과 차이가 없었으며 . 신장조직의 CLF는 9개월 군에서 급격히 증가하였다. 또 고비타민 E 식이를 섭취시킨 경우 당뇨군에서 초기 및 후기 Maillard 반응생성물의 감소가 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 KK마우스에서는 월령이 증가함에 따라 초기 및 후기 당화산물의 축적과 신장 병변의 변화가 관찰되었고, 또한 당뇨 유발에 의해 이 변화들은 더욱 촉진되었으나, 2080IU/kg diet 수준의 고비타민 E 식이를 섭취시켰을 때 이런 변들이 억제되었음을 확인하였다.확인하였다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2010

1. Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of oral administration of distilled Suhwagije-tang in aging rats. 2. Methods The SD rats used in this experiment were 6, 48 and 68 weeks old. These groups were treated with distilled water(DW), 1% Vitamin C(Vit. C) and 50% Suhwagije-tang(SGT) distillate respectively, once a day for 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken from heart and the levels of various parameters in serum were analysed. 3. Results and Conclusions (1) At all concentration of SGT, survival rates of liver cells were higher than the control group. (2) The rate of which the 10W-SGT group gained weight was significantly higher than that of the control groups. (3) The levels of albumin in serum of 10W-SGT group were significantly increased in comparison to those of the DW group. The levels of ALP, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum of 52W-SGT group were significantly decreased in comparison to those of the DW group. (4) The levels of testosterone in serum of SGT groups showed no significantly changes in comparison to those of the control groups. Testosterone levels were naturally decreased with advancing years, so 72W-DW group's testosterone level was significantly decreased in comparison to those of 10W-DW group's. In contrast, 72W-SGT group's level was the highest in comparison to those of the control groups and those of deviation from 10W, 52W and 72W in SGT groups was also smaller than control groups'. (5) The levels of glucose, total-bilirubin, ALT, AST, BUN, CRP, hs-CRP, homocystein, Na, K, Na/K ratio, Cl and Ca in serum of SGT groups showed no significantly changes in comparison to those of the control groups. These results suggest that oral administration of Suhwagije-tang distillate should be effective in promoting growth and preventing rapid decline of testosterone in aging rats does not cause any imbalance in liver, kidney and electrolyte.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권8호
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• pp.1148-1157
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• 2014

미강은 쌀 도정의 부산물로 다양한 연구에서 미강의 생리활성 구성 요소의 항산화, 항암, 면역 강화, 콜레스테롤 저하효과가 보고되어 미강을 식품소재로 활용하기 위한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 미강을 첨가한 제품의 품질과 관능 기호도에 대한 기초 자료를 제공할 뿐이고, 미강의 생리활성에 대한 연구는 미강 추출물로 이루어진 것이 대부분이다. 이에 본 연구는 안정화 미강 첨가가 항비만 및 항산화 효과를 나타내는지 생리적 효과를 검토하기 위해 in vivo model에서 실험을 진행하였다. C57BL/6 마우스에 6주간 고지방식이를 급여하여 비만을 유도하였고, 미강이 비만에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고 제품 개발 시 기능성을 유지하는 적정 첨가비율을 확인하기 위해 안정화 미강 분말을 고지방 식이에 각각 20%, 40%를 첨가하여 7주간 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과 고지방 식이에 미강을 20% 첨가한 HFRB20군은 HFD군과 유의한 차이가 없었지만, 고지방 식이에 미강을 40% 첨가한 HFRB40군에서 체중 증가 억제와 지방 조직 무게감소 효과 및 혈당 저하와 leptin 농도의 감소를 보였고 항산화 효소 활성을 개선시켰다. 이러한 결과는 안정화 미강의식이 섬유소와 그 외의 주요 성분들이 복합적으로 시너지효과를 나타냈기 때문으로 보인다. 결론적으로 안정화 미강을 이용하여 생리적 효과를 나타내는 제품 개발에 안정화 미강의 첨가량은 40%가 적절한 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구는 7주의 단기 연구를 수행하였고 통계적 유의성은 없었으나 HFRB20군에서 비만과 항산화 및 관련 지표가 개선되는 경향을 나타내었으므로 장기간 섭취 시의 효과에 대한 추후 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.136-143
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• 1986

구기자추출물(枸杞子抽出物)을 시료(試料)로 mouse의 독성실험(毒性實驗), 실험적(實驗的)으로 유발(誘發)시킨 가토(家兎)의 간장기능장애(肝臟機能障碍) 및 alloxan부하당뇨병(負荷糖尿病)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 실험(實驗)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. Mouse의 급성독성실험(急性毒性實驗)에서 복강투여(腹腔投與)의 경우 평균치사량(平均致死量)은 12.17g/kg이었다. 2. $CC1_4$로 간장기능장애(肝臟機能障碍)가 유발(誘發)된 가토(家兎)에 구기자추출물투여(枸杞子抽出物投與)는 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 유의성(有意性)있는 회복도(回復度)를 보였는데 특(特)히 대량투여군(大量投與群)에서 더욱 빨랐다. 1) GPT활성도(活性度) 및 total bilirubin은 시료투여군(試料投與群)에서 아주 우수(優秀)한 저하효과(低下效果)를 나타냈다. 특(特)히 GPT활성도(活性度)에서 200mg/kg은 제(第)8일(日)째부터, 800mg/kg은 제(第)6일(日)째부터 유의성(有意性)이 있었다. 2) Alkaline phosphatase치는(値) 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 커다란 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3) Alloxan으로 유발(誘發)한 가토(家兎)의 고혈당(高血糖)에 대하여 800mg/kg는 아주 탁월한 혈당강하효과(血糖降下效果)를 나타냈다. 즉(卽) 제(第)4일(日)째부터 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 유의성(有意性)이 있었으며 제(第)12일(日)째는 정상치(正常値)에 거의 접근(接近)하였다. 또한 GPT활성도(活性度)는 차츰 저하(低下)되어 제(第)6일(日)째부터 저하효과(低下效果)가 뚜렷하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.184-195
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• 2022

Objective: In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and associated bacteria in beef cattle. Methods: This work comprised of in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro fermentation was conducted by incubating 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.125%, and 0.15% active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ADY) with total mixed ration substrate to determine its dose effect. According to in vitro results, 0.1% ADY inclusion level was assigned in in vivo study for continuously monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbes. Six ruminally cannulated steers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (Control and ADY supplementation) as two-period crossover design (30-day). Blood samples were harvested before-feeding and rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-feeding on 30 d. Results: After 24 h in vitro fermentation, pH and gas production were increased at 0.1% ADY where ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein also displayed lowest and peak values, respectively. Acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids concentrations heightened with increasing ADY doses and plateaued at high levels, while acetate to propionate ratio was decreased accordingly. In in vivo study, ruminal pH was increased with ADY supplementation that also elevated acetate and propionate. Conversely, ADY reduced lactate level by dampening Streptococcus bovis and inducing greater Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii populations involved in lactate utilization. The serum urea nitrogen decreased, whereas glucose, albumin and total protein concentrations were increased with ADY supplementation. Conclusion: The results demonstrated dietary ADY improved ruminal fermentation dose-dependently. The ruminal lactate reduction through modification of lactate metabolic bacteria could be an important reason for rumen pH stabilization induced by ADY. ADY supplementation offered a complementary probiotics strategy in improving gluconeogenesis and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle, potentially resulted from optimized rumen pH and fermentation.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.60-73
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The extract from Dendropanax morbifera exhibited diverse therapeutic potentials. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of D. morbifera leaf extract for improving metabolic parameters in human. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A 12-week, double blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial included a total of 74 adults, and they were assigned to the placebo group (n = 38) or 700 mg/day of D. morbifera group (n = 36). The efficacy endpoints were changes in glycemic, lipid, obesity, and blood pressure (BP) parameters, in addition to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the numbers of MetS components. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level significantly decreased in the D. morbifera group compared to that of the placebo group (difference: -0.13 ± 0.20% vs. 0.00 ± 0.28%, P = 0.031; % of change: -2.27 ± 3.63% vs. 0.10 ± 5.10%, P = 0.025). The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance level also decreased significantly from its baseline in the D. morbifera group. The systolic BP of D. morbifera group decreased significantly than that of placebo group (difference: -3.9 ± 9.8 mmHg vs. 3.3 ± 11.7 mmHg, P = 0.005; % of change: -2.8 ± 7.7% vs. 3.3 ± 10.2%, P = 0.005). However, the lipid parameters and body composition including body weight did not differ between the groups. The prevalence of MetS (36.8% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.022) and the incidence of MetS (10.5% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.027) at 12 weeks was significantly lower in the D. morbifera group than it was in the placebo group. No serious AEs occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with D. morbifera extracts over a 12-week period improved metabolic parameters such as HbA1c and BP and reduced the prevalence of MetS.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.386-391
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• 2009

Objectives : This cross-sectional study was performed to examine if the serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level that is within its normal range is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and if the association between the waist hip ratio (WHR) and type 2 diabetes is different depending on the serum GGT levels. Methods : The study subjects were 23,436 persons aged 40 years or older and who participated in regular health check-ups at 11 hospitals (males: 5,821, females: 17,615). The gender-specific quintiles of the serum GGT and WHR were used to examine the associations with type 2 diabetes. Results : The serum GGT levels within their normal range were positively associated with type 2 diabetes only in women. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.0, 1.0, 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 according to the quintiles of the serum GGT ($p_{trend}$<0.01). The WHR was more strongly associated with the prevalence of diabetes among the women with a high-normal serum GGT level as compared with those with a low-normal serum GGT level (p for interaction=0.02). For example, the adjusted ORs for women with a low normal serum GGT level were 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.2, and 2.4 according to the quintiles of the WHR, while those figures were 1.0, 2.4, 3.6, 5.0, and 8.3 among the women with a high normal serum GGT level. However, in men, the serum GGT was very weakly associated with type 2 diabetes and the association between the WHR and type 2 diabetes was not different depending on the serum GGT level. Conclusions : Serum GGT within its normal range was positively associated with type 2 diabetes, and central obesity was more strongly associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes when the serum GGT level was highnormal. However, these associations were observed only in women, which is different from the previous findings. The stronger relation between central obesity and type 2 diabetes among women with a high-normal serum GGT level can be useful for selecting a group that is at high risk for type 2 diabetes irregardless of whatever the underlying mechanism is.