• 대기
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.339-354
• /
• 2008

A numerical simulation of a heavy snowfall event that occurred 13 January 2008 along the Yeongdong coastal area, was performed using WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) in order to reveal mesoscale structures and to construct a conceptual model showing the meteorological background that caused the large difference in snowfall amounts between the Yeongdong mountain area and the Yeongdong coastal area. The simulation results matched well with various observations such as corresponding 12h-accumulated observed precipitation, surface wind obscrvation, radar echoes, and satellite infrared images. The simulation and the observations showed that the scale of the event was of meso - $\beta$ and meso - $\gamma$ scale. The simulation represented well the mesoscale process causing the large difference in snowfall amounts in the two areas. First, wind flow was kept, to a certain extent, from crossing the mountains due to the blocking effect of the low Froude number (~1). The northeast flow over the adjaccnt sea tumcd northwest as it approachcd the mountains, where it was trapped, allowing so-called cold air damming. Second, a strong convergence area formed where the cold northwest flow along the Yeongdong coastal area and the relatively warm and moist northeast flow advecting toward the coast met, supporting the fonllation of a coastal front. Thus, the vertical motion was strongest over the front located near the coast, leading to the heavy snowfall there rather than in the remote mountain area.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• 제6권6호
• /
• pp.1522-1545
• /
• 2012

Call admission control (CAC) plays an important role in mobile cellular network to guarantee the quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a dynamic hybrid CAC scheme with integrated cutoff priority and handoff queue for mobile cellular network is proposed and some performance metrics are derived. The unique characteristic of the proposed CAC scheme is that it can support any number of service types and that the cutoff thresholds for handoff calls are dynamically adjusted according to the number of service types and service priority index. Moreover, timeouts of handoff calls in queues are also considered in our scheme. By modeling the proposed CAC scheme with a one-dimensional Markov chain (1DMC), some performance metrics are derived, which include new call blocking probability ($P_{nb}$), forced termination probability (PF), average queue length, average waiting time in queue, offered traffic utilization, wireless channel utilization and system performance which is defined as the ratio of channel utilization to Grade of Service (GoS) cost function. In order to validate the correctness of the derived analytical performance metrics, simulation is performed. It is shown that simulation results match closely with the derived analytic results in terms of $P_{nb}$ and PF. And then, to show the advantage of 1DMC modeling for the performance analysis of our proposed CAC scheme, the computing complexity of multi-dimensional Markov chain (MDMC) modeling in performance analysis is analyzed in detail. It is indicated that state-space cardinality, which reflects the computing complexity of MDMC, increases exponentially with the number of service types and total channels in a cell. However, the state-space cardinality of our 1DMC model for performance analysis is unrelated to the number of service types and is determined by total number of channels and queue capacity of the highest priority service in a cell. At last, the performance comparison between our CAC scheme and Mahmoud ASH's scheme is carried out. The results show that our CAC scheme performs well to some extend.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제17권6호
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2012

본 논문에서는 QoS 라우팅 알고리즘의 성능을 유지하면서 LSU(Link State Update) 메시지의 수를 제어할 수 있는 QoS 라우팅 링크 상태 갱신 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 기존에 제시된 대부분의 LSU 알고리즘은 QoS 라우팅의 성능을 향상시키는데 중점을 두고 있기 때문에 LSU 메시지의 수가 늘어나더라도 제어할 수 있는 메커니즘을 가지고 있지 않다. 특히 트래픽 통계에 근거한 적응형 알고리즘의 경우 더욱더 그러하며 트래픽이 과도하거나 변화가 심할 경우 이와 비례해서 LSU 메시지 수도 증가하여 과도한 LSU 메시지가 성능을 오히려 좋지 않게 한다. 제시하는 알고리즘은 QoS 라우팅 성능과 상충관계에 있는 과도한 LSU 메시지의 수를 제어하기 위해 요구 대역폭이 가용대역폭에 미치는 영향에 따라 LSU 메시지의 중요도를 구분하고 중요도와 단위시간 당 업데이트 비율 ${\gamma}$에 따라 LSU 메시지의 전송 여부를 결정하여 LSU 메시지 수를 제어한다. 성능 평가를 위해 기존에 제시된 다양한 LSU 알고리즘과 본 논문에서 제안하는 알고리즘을 MCI 네트워크상에서 라우팅 Blocking 확률과 링크 당 평균 LSU 메시지의 개수 등을 성능 평가 항목으로 하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였고 제안하는 알고리즘의 우수성을 확인하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제25권9A호
• /
• pp.1395-1404
• /
• 2000

본 논문에서는 파장 분할 다중화(WDM)망에서 중앙 집중식 제어 방식을 연구해 왔던 기존의 논문과는 달리 분산 제어 방식으로 동작하는 휴리스틱 파장 라우팅 알고리즘을 제안한다. 동적 트래픽 요구에 적절히 대응하기 위해 파장의 일부를 사용하여 필요한 연결성을 가지는 불완전 가상 망 형상을 효율적으로 설계하는 방식을 제안한다. 이러한 연결성은 하나 이상의 광경로를 경유하여 임의의 시작 노드에서 임의의 목적 노드로 데이타 전송을 가능하게 한다. 또한 불완전 가상망 형상을 바탕으로 동적 트래픽 요구에 적응하는 고속 분산 파장 라우팅 알고리즘을 제안하고 파장의 평균 사용률에 대한 일반적인 임계 값을 분석한다. 끝으로, NSFNET[1]과 동적 핫-스팟(hot-spot) 트래픽 모델을 사용하는 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안된 알고리즘의 성능이 고정된 최단 경로 파장 라우팅 알고리즘보다 더 좋음을 보이고, 블록킹(blocking) 성능, 제어 트래픽 부하, 그리고 계산상의 복잡도의 관점에서 분산 파장 분할 다중화 망을 위한 효율적인 파장 라우팅 알고리즘임을 보인다.

• 대기
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.207-221
• /
• 2022

In Jeju, on January 23, 2016, a cold surge accompanied by heavy snowfall with the most significant amount of 12 cm was the highest record in 32 years. During this period, the temperature of 850 hPa in January was the lowest in 2016. Notably, in 2016, the average surface temperature of January on the Polar cap was the highest since 1991, and 500 hPa geopotential height also showed the highest value. With this condition, the polar vortex in the northern hemisphere meandered and expanded into the subtropics regionally, covering the Korean Peninsula with very high potential vorticity up to 7 Potential Vorticity Unit. As a result, the strong cold advection, mostly driven by a northerly wind, around the Korean Peninsula occurred at over 2𝜎. Previous studies have not addressed this extreme synoptic condition linked to polar vortex expansion due to the unprecedented Arctic warming. We suggest that the occurrence of a strong Ural blocking event after the abrupt warming of the Barents/Karas seas is a major cause of unusually strong cold advection. With a specified mesoscale model simulation with SST (Sea Surface Temperature), we also show that the warmer SST condition near the Korean Peninsula contributed to the heavy snowfall event on Jeju Island.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.137-152
• /
• 2023

Purpose - Although many existing studies on the US-China hegemonic conflict and decoupling have been published, most of them are qualitative and use descriptive analysis methods. Papers that quantitatively analyzed decoupling mainly estimate the effect of a tariff increase. However, this paper quantitatively analyzed the ripple effect by focusing on decoupling technology spillover between the United States and China. And, for the first time, it was suggested that the blocking of technology spillover could give a fatal blow to the East Asian economy as well as China. Design/methodology - The United States is pursuing decoupling with China, primarily in goods trade and blocking technology transfer. This paper sets up various scenarios and uses three computational general equilibrium (CGE) models to analyze the overall ripple effects of decoupling. A paper using the three CGE models for decoupling ripple effect analysis has not yet been published. Findings - Decoupling will hit the economies of regions with close economic ties to China more than others. According to simulation results of this study, the Chinese economy may suffer severe damage that is difficult to recover from, and the economies of Asian countries are predicted to deteriorate to the point of being choked. Originality/value - Existing papers that assessed the effect of decoupling mostly focus on estimating the effect itself through tariff hikes. This paper is meaningful in that it comprehensively analyzed decoupling by adding the effect of technology spillover blockade. In addition, another meaning can be found in that it quantified for the first time that it will deal a huge blow to the extent of choking the East Asian economy as well as China.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
• /
• pp.772-776
• /
• 2004

This paper proposes an interference avoidance approach for Constraint-Based Routing (CBR) algorithm in the Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network. The MPLS network itself has a capability of integrating among any layer-3 protocols and any layer-2 protocols of the OSI model. It is based on the label switching technology, which is fast and flexible switching technique using pre-defined Label Switching Paths (LSPs). The MPLS network is a solution for the Traffic Engineering(TE), Quality of Service (QoS), Virtual Private Network (VPN), and Constraint-Based Routing (CBR) issues. According to the MPLS CBR, routing performance requirements are capability for on-line routing, high network throughput, high network utilization, high network scalability, fast rerouting performance, low percentage of call-setup request blocking, and low calculation complexity. There are many previously proposed algorithms such as minimum hop (MH) algorithm, widest shortest path (WSP) algorithm, and minimum interference routing algorithm (MIRA). The MIRA algorithm is currently seemed to be the best solution for the MPLS routing problem in case of selecting a path with minimum interference level. It achieves lower call-setup request blocking, lower interference level, higher network utilization and higher network throughput. However, it suffers from routing calculation complexity which makes it difficult to real task implementation. In this paper, there are three objectives for routing algorithm design, which are minimizing interference levels with other source-destination node pairs, minimizing resource usage by selecting a minimum hop path first, and reducing calculation complexity. The proposed CBR algorithm is based on power factor calculation of total amount of possible path per link and the residual bandwidth in the network. A path with high power factor should be considered as minimum interference path and should be selected for path setup. With the proposed algorithm, all of the three objectives are attained and the approach of selection of a high power factor path could minimize interference level among all source-destination node pairs. The approach of selection of a shortest path from many equal power factor paths approach could minimize the usage of network resource. Then the network has higher resource reservation for future call-setup request. Moreover, the calculation of possible path per link (or interference level indicator) is run only whenever the network topology has been changed. Hence, this approach could reduce routing calculation complexity. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has good performance over high network utilization, low call-setup blocking percentage and low routing computation complexity.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.387-396
• /
• 2004

음성과 데이터를 동시에 다양한 전송속도로 서비스하는 불완전 전력제어된 WCDMA 시스템의 역방향 링크에서 사용자 수 분포도에 따라 유도한 차단확률로부터 얼랑용량을 계산하고, COST231 WI(Walfisch-Ikegami) 모델로부터 전파손실을 계산해서 사용자 수와 셀 커버리지의 관계를 새롭게 제안하여 분석하였다. 데이터 전송속도 15 kbps에서 960 kbps 사이 음성과 데이터 사용자에 대한 얼랑용량은 상호 역 선형관계로 나타났고, 음성사용자를 8 kbps속도에서 50얼랑 기준으로 할 때 차단확률 2 %에서 $E_{b/}$ $N_{o}$ 가 4 ㏈에서 3 ㏈로 낮출 경우 15 kbps 저속에서는 데이터 용량이 8.5 얼랑 용량증가와 함께 도시 교외지역에서 셀 커버리지가 100 m 확장되었고, 960 kbps 고속에서는 0.11 얼랑 증가와 함께 셀 커버리지도 40 m 확장되었다. 여기서 차단확률을 조금 높였을 때 얼랑용랑은 증가하지만 셀 커버리지에는 별 영향이 없었고, 셀 내 사용자 수의 증가에 따라 셀 커버리지는 감소하였다.다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.301-322
• /
• 2013

Recent major post-hurricane damage assessments in the United States have reported that the most common damages result from the loss of building roof coverings and subsequent wind driven rain intrusion. In an effort to look further into this problem, this paper presents a full-scale (Wall of Wind --WoW--) investigation of external and underneath wind pressures on roof tiles installed on a low-rise building model with various gable roofs. The optimal dimensions for the low-rise building that was tested with the WOW are 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 2.13 m (7 ft) wide, and 2.13 m (7 ft) high. The building is tested with interchangeable gable roofs at three different slopes (2:12; 5:12 and 7:12). The field tiles of these gable roofs are considered with three different tile profiles namely high (HP), medium (MP), and low profiles (LP) in accordance with Florida practice. For the ridge, two different types namely rounded and three-sided tiles were considered. The effect of weather block on the "underneath" pressure that develops between the tiles and the roof deck was also examined. These tests revealed the following: high pressure coefficients for the ridge tile compared to the field tiles, including those located at the corners; considerably higher pressure on the gable end ridge tiles compared to ridge tiles at the middle of the ridge line; and marginally higher pressure on barrel type tiles compared to the three-sided ridge tiles. The weather blocking of clay tiles, while useful in preventing water intrusion, it doesn't have significant effect on the wind loads of the field tiles. The case with weather blocking produces positive mean underneath pressure on the field tiles on the windward side thus reducing the net pressures on the windward surface of the roof. On the leeward side, reductions in net pressure to a non-significant level were observed due to the opposite direction of the internal and external pressures. The effect of the weather blocking on the external pressure on the ridge tile was negligible.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.195-202
• /
• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 차종별 교통류 모형을 이용한 편도 2차로 고속도로 공사구간의 용량 값을 산정하는 것이다. 공사구간의 교통류 모형은 공사구간의 유입부 및 유출부를 대상으로 차종별 모형과 승용차 환산계수를 적용한 전체 차량에 대한 모형으로 도출하였다. 차종별 모형에서 산정된 최대교통류율은 승용차환산계수 및 중차량 비율을 적용하여 공사구간의 용량 값으로 전환하였다. 차종별 모형의 유입부 및 유출부 최대교통류율 값은 각각 1,845pcphpl과 1,884pcphpl로 산정되었으며 차량 전체를 대상으로 한 모형의 최대교통류율은 차종별 결과보다 높게 분석되었다. 모형의 비교 검증을 위하여 최대밀도에 따른 거리 차두간격을 적용하였다. 공사구간의 용량은 공사구간의 흐름이 안정된 유출부 용량보다 공사구간 진입을 위한 차선 변경 등으로 교통흐름이 원활하지 못한 유입부 용량에 좌우되므로 유입부 교통류 모형의 최대교통류율 값인 1,800pcphpl을 편도 2차로 고속도로 공사구간 용량 값으로 산정하였다.