• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2020

Urea formaldehyde resins are widely used in the manufacturing of wood composite and their usage is always combined with release of formaldehyde characterized to be hazardous to health during and after the manufacturing of the products. This study investigates the effectiveness of wood-based adhesive from oil of pyrolysed Triplochiton scleroxylon sawdust for the production of composite board. The wood-derived Pyrolytic Oil (PyO) was blended with Urea Formaldehyde (UF) resin to formed Pyrolytic Oil-Urea Formaldehyde (PyOUF). The obtained PyOUF called Wood-Based Adhesives at four blends and control (UF) viz; 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, 1:3 were further employed to prepare the composite board and test for their bonding strength by physical (water absorption-WA and thickness swelling-Th.S) and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity-MOE, modulus of rupture-MOR, and impact bending-IB). Data obtained was analysed using analysis of variance at α 0.05. The result of analysis of variance conducted on physical properties show significant difference (p≤0.05) between the WA values obtained when testing the different blending proportion of PyOUF and likewise between 2 and 24 h of immersion. PyOUF had significant effect (p≤0.05) on Th. S for 24 h but no significant different (p>0.05) for the 2 h period of soaking. The analysis of variance on mechanical properties of the composite board (MOE, MOR, and IB) show significance differences (p≤0.05) between the strength values obtained when testing the different ratios of PyO with UF. PyO content influenced the properties of the boards and it is evident that PyO can be used in the manufacture of composite board.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1993

The purpose of this research was to develop ideal substrates for the production of good quality tomatoes in bag culture system and also to improve media with low or no environmental pollution by blending and mixing artificial substrate including peatmoss, perlite, vermiculite, granular rockwool, polyphenol resin foam, bark, and smoked rice hull. The highly efficient media proved by experiments were vermiculite, smoked rice hull, polyphenol resin foam, granular rockwool, and perlite, which showed good results in the early growth as well as the marketable yield of tomato in the bag culture. Tomato plants grown in the media mixed with peatmoss, vermiculite and granular rockwool at the ratio of 3 : 1 : 1(by volume) showed the highest marketable yield, and the next at the ratio of 2 : 1 : 1. The perlite-granular rockwool mixtures at the ratio of 2 : 3 and 1 : 4, and the peatmoss vermiculite mixtures at the ratio of 2 : 3 and 3 : 2, seemed to be promising media for bag culture.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2004

An emulsion of octadecamidoethylaminoethyl dodecate (which provides softness) and an emulsion silicone oil KF-96 (which provides lubricity) were separately synthesized. Then PP finishing softeners (SSA-7) was prepared by blending of the synthesized emulsions with beef tallow hardened oil (a softness improving agent). PP finishing treatment was carried out with the prepared SSA-7 and PP finishing resin by a one bath method, and several physical properties were tested. As a result, crease recovery, tear strength, softness, lubricity, and bending resistance were all good, indicating that the prepared SSA-7 is a good PP finishing softener.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.261-272
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• 2001

An ACR/HMMM film was prepared by blending high-solid ACR with curing agent, hexamethoxymethyl melamine (HMMM). An active curing reaction was observed at $170^{\circ}C$. The dynamic viscoelastic $T_{g}$ of the final film increased with the static viscoelastic $T_{g}$ of the film. The log damp value, which means a viscoelastic ratio, decreased with the increase in the curing temperature of the film. Physical properties of the films were within a suitable range for films, and by an accelerated weathering resistance test the films were proved weather resistible ones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2013.06a
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• pp.134-135
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• 2013

In this study, the physical properties and antifouling were investigated to make the Marine growth antifouling coatings by blending of synthesized silicone resin and pigment with a low surface tension. To examine the film properties and foul release of the prepared coatings, film specimens were prepared with the prepared coatings and anti corrosion coatings. The test results showed that the silicone type antifouling coatings had very excellent antifouling properties rather than any other coatings because of the coating films had followed the low surface tension and elasticity, and prevention of adhesion for marine growth and mechanical adhesions.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.580-585
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• 2011

This article aims to enhance the biodegradability and environment-friendliness of petroleum based biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate-co-terephthalate)(PBAST) by blending chemically modified thermoplastic starch(CMPS). CMPS is a kind of bio-based biodegradable resin which is manufactured by reacting starch with maleic anhydride(MA) in the presence of a plasticizer and a free radical initiator. The characteristic properties of PBAST/CMPS blends were investigated by observing their morphology, thermal, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. The good interfacial adhesion between the phases examined by SEM revealed that PBAST/CMPS blends were compatible blends. The tensile strength and elongation decreased with increasing CMPS content, while modulus increased. The biodegradability of the blends was much higher than that of pristine PBAST and increased with increasing CMPS contents.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2017

In this study, heterogeneous ion exchange membranes were prepared by mixing cation or anion exchange resins and commercial polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for MCDI process. The mixing ratios of PVDF and ion exchange resins were 1 : 1, 1.4 : 1, 2 : 1, and 3 : 1. We characterized SEM, water content, ion exchange capacity, methanol permeability, and ion conductivity. In the viewpoint of membrane characterization, the blending ratio of 2 : 1 showed the best. For the blending ratio of 2 : 1, heterogeneous cation exchange membrane showed the water content 34%, ion exchange capacity 1.54 meq/g, ion conductivity 0.019 S/cm, and methanol permeability $2.28{\times}10^{-7}{\sim}8.86{\times}10^{-7}cm^2/s$ while In the case of heterogeneous anion exchange membrane, the result showed 37%, 2.18 meq/g, and 0.034 S/cm and $1.46{\times}10^{-7}{\sim}8.66{\times}10^{-7}cm^2/s$.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2001

In the present study the cure behavior of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A(DGEBA) using an anhydride-based hardener in the presence of N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine (BDMA) or 1-cyanoethyl-2-ethyl-4-methyl imidazole (2E4MZ-CN) as an accelerator has been monitored and interpreted from the viewpoint of photophysical properties by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. To do this, 1,3-bis-(1-pyrene)propane (BPP) was well incorporated in the epoxy resin system by mechanical blending. The BPP probe, which is very sensitive to conformational change of the molecule influenced by the surrounding medium, successfully formed intramolecular excimer fluorescence. It is susceptible to the micro-viscosity or local viscosity and molecular mobility according to the epoxy cure. The cure behavior was explained with monomer fluorescence intensity ($I_{M}$ ), excimer fluorescence intensity ($I_{E}$ ) and $I_{M}$ /$I_{E}$ ratio as a function of cure time, cure temperature and accelerator. The present work agreed with the previous report on the cure behavior of an epoxy-anhydride system studied using DSC or torsion pendulum method. This study also suggests that the use of fluorescence technique may provide information on cure behavior of a thermosetting resin in a low temperature region, which has not been well interpreted by other analytical methods.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.657-664
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• 2001

In this study. the effects of ${\gamma}$-irradiation on the crosslinking of low density poly ethylene (LLDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) containing crosslinking agents were investigated to find the degree of crosslinking in the polymer. The LDPE and LLDPE specimens were prepared by blending crosslinking agents with each polymers, and by hot-press-molding into a sheet at 13$0^{\circ}C$. The ${\gamma}$-irradiation was conducted at 50 to 150 kGy in nitrogen. The crosslinking percentage in these specimens was measured in relation to the irradiation dose and the type of crosslinking agents. The mechanical properties, thermal properties and crystallinity of specimens were examined as a function of irradiation dose as well. It was found that the degree of crosslinking of the irradiated specimens was increased with increasing irradiation dose and by the addition of crosslinking agents. The mechanical properties and thermal properties of specimens were improved in proportion to an increase in the degree of crosslinking. The crystallinity of original resin was decreased with increasing crosslinking density.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.278-286
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• 2007

As a part of enhancing the performance of wood-plastic composites (WPC), polypropylene (PP)/ nanoclay (NC)/ wood flour (WF) nanocomposites were prepared using melt blending and injection molding process to evaluate their thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to investigate thermal degradation kinetics of the nanocomposites both dynamic and isothermal conditions. Dynamic scans of the TGA showed an increased thermal stability of the nanocomposites at moderate wood flour concentrations (up to 20 phr, percentage based on hundred percent resin) while it decreased with the addition of 30 phr wood flour. The activation energy $(E_a)$ of thermal degradation of nanocomposites increased when nanoclay was added and the concentration of wood flour increased. Different equations were used to evaluate isothermal degradation kinetics using the rate of thermal degradation of the composites, expressed as weight loss (%) from their isothermal TGA curves. Degradation occurred at faster rate in the initial stages of about 60 min., and then proceeded in a gradual manner. However, nanocomposites with wood flour of 30 phr heated at $300^{\circ}C$ showed a drastic difference in their degradation behavior, and reached almost a complete decomposition after 40 min. of the isothermal heating. The degree of decomposition was greater at higher temperatures, and the residual weight of isothermal degradation of nanocomposites greatly varied from about 10 to 90%, depending on isothermal temperatures. The isothermal degradation of nanocomposites also increased their thermal stability with the addition of 1 phr nanoclay and of wood flour up to 20 phr. But, the degradation of PP100/NC1/MAPP3/WF30 nanocomposites with 30 phr wood flour occurs at a faster rate compared to those of the others, indicating a decrease in their thermal stability.