• 한국치위생학회지
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.585-591
• /
• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate of the color change, tooth surface and intra-pulpal temperature of tooth bleaching by light activation Methods : Forty-eight extracted bovine teeth were immersed into a tea solution for 24 hours. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups(n=15):(G1) 15% HP + without light activation, (G2) 15% HP + light activation, (G3) 25% HP + without light activation, (G4) 25% HP + light activation. All specimens were bleached for 15 minutes three times. The spectrophotometer (CM-2600d, Konica Minolta, Osaka, Japan) was used including before bleaching, immediately after bleaching, 1 week, 1 and 3 months after the end of bleaching. The temperature rise were measured in the pulpal chamber and tooth surface with a digital thermocouple thermometer(Termopar Digital Multimeter, Tektronix DMM916, USA). Between the tested time points, the specimens were stored in distilled water. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, t-test and Tukey's post hoc test set at 0.05. Results : There was no significant color change by the use of light after the bleaching treatment(p>0.05). The dental bleaching treatments of teeth with 15% HP and 25% HP did not seem to be more effective when light source was used. There was no difference in color stability between groups within three month(p>0.05). There was an increase in tooth surface and pulp temperature, but it was not sufficient to cause damage to the pulp. Conclusions :The use of light activation has no obvious effective impact on the tooth bleaching effect.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2004

This study evaluated the microshear bond strength of composte resin to teeth bleached with commercial whitening strips and compared with those bleached with home bleaching gel. Twelve extracted human central incisors were cut into pieces and central four segments were chosen from each tooth and embedded in acrylic resin. Four blocks with 12 tooth segments embedded in acrylic resin were acquired and numbered from group one to group four. Group 1 was bleached with Crest Whitestrips, group 2 with Claren, group 3 with Opalescence tooth whitening gel (10％ carbamide peroxide). Group 4 was used as control. The bleaching procedure was conducted for 14 days according to the manufacturer's instructions ; the bleaching strips twice a day for 30 min and the bleaching gel once a day for 2hr. After bleaching, composite resin (Filtek Supreme) was bonded to the enamel surfaces with a self-etching adhesive (Adper Prompt L-Pop) using Tygon tube. Microshear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine (EZ-test). The data were statistically analysed by one-way ANOVA. The study resulted in no statistical differences in microshear bond strength between the tooth segments bleached with 2 different whitening strips and bleaching gel. It can be concluded that the effect of bleaching with either commercial whitening strips or bleaching gel on enamel is minimal in bonding with self-etching adhesive to composite resin.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제29권9_10호
• /
• pp.1295-1305
• /
• 2005

The study was based on a three-stage, non-repetitive factorial experiment in which chemical-rotted kenaf fibers were treated separately with hydrogen peroxide concentrations of $0.5\%,\;1\%\;and\;2\%$, with pH solutions of 7, 9 and 11, and treatment times of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Under optimal conditions, the study was conducted to determine the bleaching efficiency by the addition of chelators, penetrants and surfactants. The bleaching effects on the kenaf fibers were high in high hydrogen peroxide concentration, high in alkali solution pH, low in long treatment time. The optimal level of hydrogen peroxide on bleaching effects were at $2\%$ hydrogen peroxide concentration, with pH of 11 and treatment time of 60 minutes. Under the conditions of $2\%$ hydrogen peroxide concentration, pH 11 and treatment time of 60 minutes, the addition of chelator: Sodim Pyrophosphate(SP), Citric Acid(CA) made the bleaching effects of the kenaf fibers high.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 2001

Stricter environmental demands have increased the need to replace conventional C/D bleaching sequence by chlorine-free sequence. Permanganate is well known as a powerful oxidant and have been used industrially in variable fields. However, it has considered to be difficult to use permanganate as a bleaching reagent because of its strong oxidative effect decreasing the viscosity of pulps extremely. We have tried to use permanganate as a bleaching reagent for KP under the mild condition and it was clear that pernanganate oxidized lignin remained in pulps selectively and increased pulp brightness decreasing K number of pulps with small degradation of cellulose. We have employed the neutral condition in the permanganate bleaching process in this study. In this case, permanganate was converted to manganese dioxide after bleaching reaction. The manganese dioxide is remained in the treated pulp fibers because of its insolublity in water. So it was required to reduction the manganese oxide to manganese ion by using reductants with acid. In this paper, we proposed to use oxalic acid as a reducing reagent converting manganese oxide to manganese ion after bleaching reaction. Oxalic acid plays the role as a reductant and a acid, so post-treatment after bleaching became to be easy by using oxalic acid. On the study using lignin model compounds, it was clear that permaganate react with phenols firstly, after that oxalic acid reduce the manganese oxide to manganese ion in the mixture of permanganate, phenols and oxalic acid. Several lignin model compounds ($\textit{p}$-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde, veratraldehyde) are selected to elucidate the effect of substituents on reaction rate and its mechanism with permanganate including oxalic acid in this study. Except for veratraldehyde, the rate of oxidative degradation of phenolic compounds by permanganate with oxalic acid are higher than neutral condition. Especially, the degradation rate of $\textit{p}$-hydroxybenzaldehyde are strongly dependent on pH of reaction mixture. On the other hand, the degradation rate of veratraldehyde are decreased with decreasing pH and main degradation product is veratric acid. This result indicate that pH of bleaching liquor should be kept over 2 to degrade of non-phenolic lignin in the pulps effectively in permanganate bleaching.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.453-464
• /
• 1999

The non-vital bleaching technique has been used widely as a very effective treatment method on discolored non-vital teeth. But periodontal tissue deterioration and cervical external root resorption have been reported because of the high toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in bleaching agents. So in previous studies, placement of base over the root canal obturation prior to bleaching has been suggested in order to prevent microleakage of bleaching agents, however, the effectiveness of base is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of base and root canal sealer on prevention of leakage of bleaching agents in non-vital bleaching. Fifty-two extracted sound teeth with single root were used. For root canal obturation, Tubuli seal$^{(R)}$(Kerr Co., USA) was used in 39 teeth and in others, AH-26$^{(R)}$(De Trey Dentsply, Inc., Switzerland) was used as a root canal sealer. 26 teeth among the teeth obturated with Tubuli seal$^{(R)}$ were divided into two groups, and Dentin cement$^{(R)}$(GC corp., Japan) and JRM$^{(R)}$(De Trey Dentsply, Inc. Germany) were used in each group as a intracanal base. In all teeth, non-vital bleaching using bleaching agent mixed with methylene blue dye was performed and all specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 72 hours. After sectioning longitudinally, the depth of dye leakage was measured with digital vernier calipers under the stereobinocular microscope using ${\times}40$ magnification. It can be concluded as follows: 1. The microleakage of bleaching agent was observed ill all groups regardless of type of the base and the sealer. 2. The microleakage in the groups using AH-26$^{(R)}$ as a sealer was significantly reduced (p<0.05). 3. In the groups with intracanal base, micro leakage was observed through almost the whole depth of the base and there was no significant difference between Dentin cement$^{(R)}$ and IRM$^{(R)}$ group(p>0.05). In conclusion, all the basing materials and the sealers in this study did not prevent the microleakage of bleaching agent. Therefore further studies and attempts to seal off the pulp chamber will be necessary.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.463-471
• /
• 2008

본 연구는 전문가 미백시 Sealed bleaching technique의 효율과 안정성을 평가하기 위해 split arch design의 randomized clinical trial을 시행하였다. 10명의 건전한 자연치를 가진 성인 환자의 상악 전치부를 좌우측으로 무작위로 나누어 전문가 미백 술식을 시행하였다. Brite powder (PacDent, Walnut, USA) 한 스푼에 10 방울의 3% 과산화수소수와 0.4ml의 carbamide peroxide gel (KoolWhite, PacDent, Walnut, USA)을 혼합하여 미백제로 사용하였다. 편측의 세 치아를 대조군으로 지정하여 통상적인 방법으로 전문가 미백을 시행하였고, 반대측의 세 치아는 실험군으로 미백제 위에 linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) wrap을 적용후 BT Cool light을 1시간 동안 적용하여 광활성화 하였다. 치아의 색조는 shadeguide를 이용하여 평가하는 방법과 spectrophotometer를 이용하여 측정하는 두 가지 방법을 이용하였으며, 술전, 술후, 체크시의 색조 측정 결과를 paired-t test로 분석하여 다음의 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. Shade guide로 평가한 결과 실험군과 대조군 모두에서 술후와 체크시의 색조와 술전의 색조와는 유의한 차이가 있었다 (p<.05). 또한 술전에는 대조군과 실험관간의 색조의 유의차가 없었던 반면 술후와 체크 (p<.05)시 모두에서 두 군간의 차이가 있었다 (p<.05). Spectrophotometer로 측정한 ${\Delta}E$ 값의 경우, 술후에는 대조군에서 $4.35{\pm}1.38$, 실험군에서 $5.08{\pm}1.34$로 나타났으며, 체크시에는 대조군에서 $3.73{\pm}1.95$, 실험관에서는 $4.38{\pm}2.08$로 나타났다. ${\Delta}E$는 술전과 술후를 비교한 값, 그리고 술전과 체크시를 비교한 값 모두에서 실험군과 대조군 간의 유의차가 있었다 (p<05). 따라서 이 연구에서 사용된 미백 술식을 사용할 경우, sealed bleaching technique이 미백의 효율성을 높인다고 결론지을 수 있다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.19-34
• /
• 1996

It has been demonstrated that intracoronal bleaching of pulpless teeth may result in cervical root resorption. Several authors postulated that bleaching agents such as hydrogen peroxide penetrated through the dentinal tubules to damage the surrounding tissues that cause cervical root resorption. The purpose of this study was to suggest on in vitro model for direct determination of hydrogen peroxide penetration through CEJ during nonvital bleaching. In addition, this model permit the quantification of the amount of hydrogen peroxide penetrated during the procedure. Freshly extracted intact premolars, removed for orthodontic reasons were used. Root canal treatment was performed in each tooth. And then the outer surface and crown portion of the teeth was sealed with wax leaving the CEJ. The prepared teeth mounted on the wax laminates were placed in plastic assay tubes containing 1.5ml bidistilled water with their entire root, including the CEJ, submerged in the solution. The teeth were dividied into four groups. Thermo group : thermocatalytic bleaching with superoxol Walk group: walking bleaching with sodium perborate & superoxol Combi group : combination of thermocatalytic & walking bleaching Dw group : walking bleaching with sodium perborate & water The bleaching procedure was performed three times. The bleaching intervals were at 3 days. The hydrogen peroxide present in the assay system was added to ferrous ammonium sulfate resulting in ferric ion release. Upon the addition of potassium thiocyanate a ferrithiocyanate complex results, which absorbs light at the wavelength of 467nm. The radicular penetration of hydrogen peroxide in the four groups was assessed directly using spectrophotometer. The amount of hydrogen peroxide in the samples tested is determined by comparing them with a standard curve generated by known amounts of hydrogen peroxide. The results were obtained as follows : 1. In all experimental groups except the Dw group showed lower penetration amount in day 4 than day 1, there was statistical importance in the difference (P<0.05). 2. After 3rd treatment, Thermo group showed slightly increased value and narrow distribution. Walk group showed much more penetration amount and widely dispersed value. Value of Combi group showed wide distribution without regard to treatment time, but value of Dw group evenly distributed. 3. Thermo group, Walk group and Dw group showed a tendency of increasing penetration amount with increasing treatment times(P<0.01), but Combi group revealed no statistically important differences. 4. Combi group showed the highest degree of penetration. Walk group showed lower penetration than Combi group. Thermo group & Dw group showed lower than Walk group. 5. Cervical root permeability to hydrogen peroxide varied from 0 to 35 %.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.191-198
• /
• 2010

본 연구는 과산화수소를 사용하여 팽나무에 발생된 변색을 제거하기 위하여 수행되었다. 최적표백조건(반응온도, 반응시간, 과산화수소 농도)을 구하기 위하여 반응표면분석법(Response Surface Method) 중의 하나인 $2^3$ 요인중심합성계획법에 따라 총 15가지 실험조건들이 선정되었다. 표백처리는 침지법에 의해서 수행되었으며 표백효과는 표백 전후의 명도차에 의해 평가되었다. 반응조건들이 명도차에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 반응표면 분석모델을 구축할 수 있었으며, 반응표면분석모델의 $R^2$ 값은 0.93으로 반응조건이 표백효과에 미치는 영향을 잘 반영하는 것으로 판단되었다. 표백에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 인자는 과산화수소 농도였으며, 그 다음으로 반응시간과 반응온도의 순이었다. 과산화수소 농도가 3% 이상의 경우 표백효과가 다소 감소하며 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 원하는 표백효과를 획득할 수 없는 것으로 나타났다. 구축된 반응표면분석모델을 통하여 원하는 재색을 획득하 기 위하여 사용될 수 있는 여러 가지 반응조건의 조합이 제시될 수 있었다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
• /
• 제6권5호
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 임상에서 사용되고 있는 치아미백제와 $TiO_2$ 광촉매의 융합에 의한 치아 미백효과를 평가하고, 미백 효과를 극대화시킬 수 있는 광촉매 혼합비 등에 관한 기초연구를 통하여 미백효과와 안전성을 고찰하고자 하였다. 실험에 사용된 치아는 발거된 치아 중 우식에 이환되지 않고 수복물이 없는 전, 구치부 치아 24개의 연조직 치석을 제거한 후 전치부의 순면이나 구치부의 협면 및 설면이 노출되도록 하여 dal상에서 사용 중인 치아 미백제에 $TiO_2$ 광촉매 분말을 10, 20wt.% 첨가하여 융합하고, 과산화수소수를 10~20%첨가한 미백제를 적용하여 색조 변화를 측정하였다. $TiO_2$ 광촉매와 미백제의 융합 미백제 적용에 따른 치아의 외관 특성평가 결과, 20% 과산화수소수에 $TiO_2$ 첨가한 경우 월등한 미백효과를 나타남을 알 수 있었으며 $TiO_2$ 광촉매를 사용하면 치아미백을 위한 미백제 적용시간을 단축시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 향후 치아 미백제 개발에 촉매의 활용을 통하여 미백 효과를 향상시킬 수 있는 연구의 제안으로 치아미백 제품개발에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.85-93
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of commercial home-tooth bleaching agents on the color of tooth. Twenty five sound extracted teeth were randomly divided into five groups. The color differences between before and after treatment with five types of tooth bleaching agents (7.5% hydrogen peroxide Nite White $Excel^{(R)}$, 10% carbamide peroxide Nite White $Excel^{(R)}$, 16% carbamide peroxide Nite White $Excel^{(R)}$, 10% carbamide peroxide Insta-BriteTM, 20% carbamide peroxide Insta-$Brite^{TM}$) were evaluated. The results were as follows: 1. By 2 week home tooth bleaching agent applications, the values ($L^*$) of bovine teeth increased as high as 4.38 $\sim$ 8.80 when comparing to those of the samples before treatment, and the color difference (${\Delta}E^*$) showed as high as 10.16 $\sim$ 15.04. 2. 16% carbamide peroxide Nite White Excel induced significantly greater ${\Delta}L^*$ than other test edgroups except for 7.5% hydrogen peroxide Day White Excel, and significantly greater ${\Delta}E^*$ than other tested groups by 2 week bleaching agent treatments (p<0.01). 3. 16% carbamide peroxide Nite White Excel(${\Delta}L^*$=8.80, ${\Delta}E^*$=15.04) induced significantly greater ${\Delta}L^*$ and ${\Delta}E^*$ than 10% carbamide peroxide Nite White Excel(${\Delta}L^*$=5.01, ${\Delta}E^*$=10.16)(p<0.01), but significant difference between 10% carbamide peroxide Insta-Brite(${\Delta}L^*$=4.38, ${\Delta}E^*$=10.51) and 20% carbamide peroxide Insta-Brite(${\Delta}L^*$=5.63, ${\Delta}E^*$=11.23) was not shown in ${\Delta}L^*$ and ${\Delta}E^*$(p>0.01). 4. 16% carbamide peroxide Nite White Excel(${\Delta}L^*$=8.80, ${\Delta}E^*$=15.04) which were applied in night time induced significantly greater ${\Delta}L^*$ and ${\Delta}E^*$ than 7.5% hydrogen peroxide Day White Excel(${\Delta}L^*$=8.47, ${\Delta}E^*$=12.75) which were applied in day time. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that all the commercial home-tooth bleaching agents have appreciable bleaching effect on teeth, and the effects of home-tooth bleaching agents which are used during night time are affected by content of carbamide peroxide. Especially the whitening effect of home tooth bleaching agents that are used through night time is greater than that of short time-applying tooth bleaching agent.