• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.350-366
• /
• 1987

This research was designed to study the effect of Korean dietary lipids on the lipid metabolism and the immune function in young rats . The three different lipid sources were compared lard, perilla oil and fish oil. Three different levels of lipid in the diet, 2%, 15% and 30%,on the weight basis, were included. After four weeks feeding, the rats were sacrified and blood sample was collected to analyze for the total lipid, TG and cholesterol contents in serum. The HDL fraction in serum was seperated by the electrophoresis of lipoproteins. The immune responses were measured by the blastogenesis of spleen lymphocyte stimulated by PHA and in serum were measured. The following results were obtained. Lower body weight gain was shown in 30% lipid diet fed group on the isocaloric basis. In concerning the different dietary lipid sources, there were significantly lower boyd weight gain in fish oil than in perilla seed oil and lard group in 30% lipid groups. Deposition of body fat expressed by epididymal fat pad in serum were significantly different among perilla seed oil, lard and fish oil groups. Perilla seed oil group showed lowest level of total lipid and TG in serum regardless of dietary fat level. The feeding perilla seed oil to rats was resulted in lower serum cholesterol levels than lard in all three levels of fats tested. The HDL fraction was elevated in perilla seed oil group at the high fat level. The stimulating responses of lymphycotes by PHA did not seem to be influenced by different dietary fat sources. However, conA mitogenic responses was significantly increased in perilla seed oil group. The lower level of perilla seed oil (2%, 15%) showed slightly higher responses of ConA, indicating that lower level of perilla seed oil might have stimulatory response on the immune response. The number of antibody forming cells of spleen against SRBC was increased in 30% fat level for all the three kind of fats. However, no effect has been found in plaque forming cell response by the differences in dietary fat sources. There were no significant differences in serum IgG and IgA levels in all dietary groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.1200-1207
• /
• 1997

Effects of kimchi on lipid metabolism and immune function were studied in experiments using 63mals SD rats fed 6 inds of Baechu-kimchi containing diet during 4 weeks. Three kinds of freeze dried kimchi differ in fermentation period (not fermented, 3-, 6-week-fermented at 4$^{\circ}C$) were added at 5%, 10% of the diet containing 15% lard. The levels of serum total lipid and triglyceride and the content of liver total lipid and triglyceride of all kimchi groups were lower than those of a control group. But the levels of serum and liver cholesterol is not affected by kimchi intake. The triglyceride concentration of epididymal fat pad and feces of kimchi groups were higher than those of a control group. The food efficiency ratio, epididymal fat pad weight of 3-, 6-week-fermented kimchi 10% groups were significantly lower than control and not-fermented kimchi groups. Especially 6-week-fermented kimchi groups showed adipocytes, less in number and larger in size than those of other groups. The blastogenesis of spleen lymphocytes to LPS was higher in rats fed fermented kimchi diets than rats fed control and not-fermented kimchi diet. These results suggest that kimchi stimulates lipid mobilization to epididymal fat pad and lipid excretion via feces, so lower serum and liver triglyceride concentration. The fermented kimchi stimulate the proliferation of B cell and lower the lipid accumulation in epididymal fat pad, especially kimchi fermented for 6 weeks at 4$^{\circ}C$ lower the adipose cell number.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.62-72
• /
• 1992

Background: T-cell mediated cellular immunity has been suggested as an important mechanism in mycobacterial infection and imbalance between helper/inducer and suppressor/cytotoxic T-cell has been suggested as an important immunological abnormality in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in human. Method: To determine whether there is any difference in T-cell mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis, total numbers of WBC&lymphocytes were counted and helper/inducer and suppressor/cytotoxic cells were calculated by flow cytometry. Blastogenesis after stimulation with Concanavalin-A, Phytohemagglutinin and PPD were measured by $^3H$-thymidine uptake. PPD skin test was performed as an in vivo test. Results: 1)There was no significant difference in the size of PPD skin test between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis groups. 2)Number of total lymphocytes significantly decreased in tuberculosis patients compared with healthy control group. But there was no significant difference between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis groups. 3) Number of HLA-DR and Interleukin-2 receptor (+) cells were significantly increased in tuberculosis patients. But there was no significant difference between pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis groups. 4) There was no significant difference in the numbers of WBC, $T_3$, $T_4$ and $T_8$ lymphocytes and $T_4/T_8$ ratio between tuberculosis patients and healthy controls. 5) There was no significant difference in the blastogenesis after stimulation with specific and non-specific blastogens between tuberculosis patients and healthy controls. 6) The percentage and absolute number of $T_4$ lymphocyte were significantly correlated with the size of PPD skin test. (r=0.689 and 0.598). Conclusion: From these results, it is concluded that there was no difference in T-cell mediated immunity between pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis group. But, because it is suspected that there might be some difference in the role of T-cell mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis or even among the extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients, further studies would be required.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.976-982
• /
• 1998

The effects of the glycoprotein (PAG) isolated from Pteridium aquilinum on the immune function was examined in mice. PAG was intraperitoneally administered into BALB/C mice for 14 days and the antibody forming ability to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and the blastogenic responses of splenocytes were measured. PAG treatment significantly increased antibody formation to HEL in a dose-dependent manner. Blatogenesis of splenocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, B-cell specific mitogen) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA, T-cell specific mitogen) was also increased after treatment with PAG, indicating that the PAG increases both humoral and cellular immunities. To examine whether the immune function of PAG was via a direct effect on the lymphocytes, splenocytes were isolated from BALB/C mice, exposed to various concentrations of PAG in vitro and the blastogenic responses were measured. In vitro exposure to PAG significantly increased blastogenesis of splenocytes to LPS up to $500{\;}{\mu}g/kg$, whereas the blastogenic response to PHA was not altered by PAG treatment. To identify the fraction responsible for the increase in the immune function, the effect of periodate digest, pronase digest or purified polysaccharide on the antibody production to HEL was examined. Crude protein fraction of PAG significantly increased the antibody formation to HEL. On the other hand, both crude and purified polysaccharide fractions did not have any effects on the antibody production ability. These data indicated that 1) PAG increased both humoral and cellular immune functions, 2) the increase in humoral immunity was probably via a direct action of PAG on lymphocytes and 3) the protein portion of PAG was responsible for the increase in humoral immunity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 1992

This study was performed to observe the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice which were infected with Beverley, Fukaya and ME49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii, respectively. The blastogenic responses of splenocytes using $[^3H]-thymidine$ and serum antibody titers were measured weekly up to 10 weeks after infection. The blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with concanavalin A and Tosoplasma Iysate were significantly declined in the 3 strain groups as compared with the non-infected group (P<0.05), however lipopolysaccharide-treated blastogenic responses were not significantly different between infected and non.infected groups. The serum IgG antibody titers in the three infected groups increased from 2 weeks after infection, and the serum IgM antibody titers increased until 4 weeks after infection. No significant differences were revealed in blastogenic responses and serum antibody titers among the 3 groups. The present study suggested that cell-mediated immune responses were involved in T. gondii infected mice and blastogenic responses of T Iymphocytes were inhibited in acute T. gondii infection.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.158-170
• /
• 1992

The studies were conducted to investigate the combined effects of several combined preparation of crude drugs and mitomycin C(MMC). The combined effects on the proliferation of Molt-4 cells and activation of human lymphocytes were estimated by MTT colorimetric assays. The drugs itself enhanced the proliferation of Molt-4, but the inhibitory action of MMC was not affected by the combined treatment of the drugs and MMC. Among 9 kinds of the drugs, Sip Jeon Dae Bo Tang(SDT), Saeng Maek San(SMS) and Kwi Bi Tang(KBT) did not inhibit the action of MMC, but activated lymphocytes. When the mice were treated by MMC, the number of leukocytes was decreased significantly at the 1st day, but recovered at the 7th day. In the groups of MMC treated with SDT or KBT, the number of leukocytes was increased significantly than the group of MMC treated only at the 3rd day. The combined treatment of SDT, SMS and MMC retained the body weight of mice at the level of normal mice. The SDT, SMS and KBT did not change the number of plaque forming cells(PFC) and the proliferation of T cells. The combined treatment of SDT and MMC increased the number of PFC significantly than the MMC treated group. The combined treatment of SDT, SMS, KBT and MMC increased the T cell proliferation significantly than the MMC treated group. In conclusion, it is suggested that SDT, SMS and KBT can recover the side effects of MMC, such as weight loss, leukopenia and immunosuppression, without any intercalating the anti-proliferative action of MMC in vivo.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.578-585
• /
• 2012

Cytokines released from innate immune cells play key roles in the regulation of the immune response. Red Ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is known to show different pharmacological effects by changed composition of saponins compared with Panax Ginseng. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of RG on the regulation of cytokine release in mice. RG was injected i.p at doses of 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg for 6 weeks. We assessed that the weight index of immune organs such as thymus, and spleen, and the mitogen blastogenesis of splenocytes. We also determined the levels of circulating cytokines in serum from RG-treated mice using ELISA assay. The weight index of thymus and spleen, and proliferation of mitogen response of splenocytes have increased in the RG-injected groups. In addition, the levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-2 concentrations have significantly increased in the serum of RG-treated mice, but that of IL-10 has not. These results suggest that RG has immune stimulating effects and could be useful as a immunoregulator of circulating cytokine release in vivo.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.249-258
• /
• 1993

Naegleria fowleri is the cause of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in man, IL-2 levels after stimulation of T lymphocytes by PHA or N.fowleri lysates. the amounts of T lymphocyte subsets and the blastogenic responses of T lymphocytes in mice after Infected with pathogenic N. fowleri were studied comparing between two study groups, one $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites inoculated mice and the other $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated mice. All experimental samples were obtained on the day 7, 14 and 24 after inoculation. The mice inoculated with $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites showed a 14.3% mortality rate, and 72.2% in the mice inoculated with $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites. The IL-2 levels on day 14 of two experimental groups were significantly decreased as compared with the control group. Thy 1.2+T cells in the total spleen Iymphocytes of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group on day 7 were significantly increased compared with the control group. There was no significant difference between $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^4$ trophozoites inoculated group and the control group. $L3T4^{+}{\;}T$ cells and $Ly2^{+}$ T cells in the total spleen Iymphocytes of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group on day 7 were sigrlificantly increased compared with the control group. The DNA S fraction of T cells in the spleen of $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$ trophozoites inoculated group was significantly increased on day 7. The amount of S fractions of DNA were sequentially decreased on day 14 and 24 but they were also signiacantly increased compared with the control group. The results obtained in the experiments indicats that cell mediated immunity after N.fowleri infection acts on very important host's protection immunity around the 7th day after infection. IL-2 level was much suppressed on day 14 which resulted from the exhaustion of host immune response. It was observed that the level of IL-2 production ability and the amounts of T lymphocytes subsets and the blastogenic responses of T lymphocytes were not well correlated during the observation period.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.143-154
• /
• 1990

Observations were made on the differences of cell-mediated responses in mice of three infectiorl groups di여erently scheduled in their severity with pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertseni. Infections were done by dropping $5{\;}{\mu}l$ saline suspension containing $3{\times}10^3,{\;}1{\times}10^4,{\;}or{\;}1{\times}10^5$ trophosoites, respectively. Amoebae were cultured anenically in CGV medium and inoculated into the right nasal cavity of CSH/HeJ mice aging around 6∼8 weeks, under the anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of secobarbital. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in footpad and blastogenlc responses of mouse spleen cells using ($^3H$)-thymidine and the serum antibody titer were measured up to day 14 after infection, and natural killer cell activities were measured up to day, i after infection. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. The mice infected with $3{\times}10^3$ trophosoites showed mortality rate of 17%, and 345 in the mice infected with $1{\times}10^4$ trophozoites and 65% with $1{\times}10^5$ trophozoites. 2. In regard to DTH responses in all experimental groups, the level increased on day 7 and declined on day 14 after infection, but their differences could not be noted between infected and control groups. 3. The blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with amoeba Iysates and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) showed no difference from the control group. The blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with concanavalin A were declined significantly in the experimental group as compared with the control group, but the blastogenic responses of splenocytes treated with polyinosinic acid were not different from the control group. There was also no difference among three infected groups. 4. The cytotoxic activity of the natural killer cells was activated on day 1 after infection and declined to the level of control group on day 2 in all experimental groups. On day 5 after infection, the natural killer cell cytotoxicity was significantly suppressed as compared with the control groups. 5. The serum antibody titers of the infected mice increased after day 7, but there was no statistical difference between the three infected groups. In summary of the results, there was no difference in cell-mediated immune responses of three experimental groups scheduled with different infection intensities. But there was a significant difference in cell$.$mediated immune responses between infected and control mice. It is considered that cell-mediated immune responses should be involved in murine model infected with A. culbertsoni.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.177-186
• /
• 1989

Observations were made on the differences in cell-mediated immune responses in the mice infected with strongly pathogenic Naegleria fewleyi ITMAP 359, weakly pathogenic Naegzeria jadini 0400, or non.pathogenic Naegleria gruberi EGB, respectively. Variations in cell-mediated responses and changes in antibody titers according to the duration after infection wore noted. Infections were done by dropping $5{\;}{\mu}l$ saline suspension containing $10{\times}10^4$ trophozoites cultured Bxenically in the CGVS medium into the right nasal cavity of ICR mice aging about 6~7 weeks, under the anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of'secobarbital. Following infection, delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) iesponses in the footpad and blastogenic responses of the mouse spleen cells using [$^3H$]-thymidine were observed on the day 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 after infection. For the preparation of amoeba Iysates, each of cultured trophosoites were homogenized with an ultrasonicator, and centrifugated at 20,000 g. The supernatants of amoeba Iysates were used as the mitogen'and antigen for ELISA. Confanavalin A(Con. A) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS) were also used as mitogens in the blastogenic response. 1. The mice infected with N, fowleri showed the mortality rate of 75.7%. The rate was 6.2% for the N. jadini infected group, while no dead mouse was observed for N. gruberi infections. 2. In regard to DTH responses in the H. fewleri infected mice, the level increased in com- parison to the control group but declined after 7 days. An increase was also noted for the JV. jadini group after 1 day, but gradual decreases were observed through the infection period. In addition, no difference was noted between the N. gruberi infected and control groups. 3. Concerning the blastogenic response of the splenocytes, it increased after 10 days in the experimental group of N, fcwleri infection, but the differences ware not statistically significant compared with control group. It was evident that N. jadini group was not different from control group either, while there was a tendency of decrease in SV. gruberi infected group. In regard to the blastogenic response of the splenocytes by LPS, it was found that the N. fowlgri, N. jadini and N. gruberi infected groups had no differences from the control group. 4. The serum antibody titer of N. fcwleri and N. jadini infected mice increased from the day 7 and 14 after infection respectively, while the N. gruberi infected mice showed no increase. In summary of the results, it was observed that there were differences in the cell-mediated immune responses and serum antibody titers in the mice infected with strongly pathogenic JV. fowleri, weakly pathogenic N. jadini, or non.pathogenic N. gruberi, respectively.