• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2010

The objective of our study was to investigate the major reasons for the different growth and visible injury on the needles of black pine growing in Ulsan and Yeocheon industrial complex areas, South Korea. After 12 years of growth, we collected climatic and air pollutant data, and analyzed soil properties and the physiological characteristics of black pine needles. Annual and minimum temperatures in Ulsan were higher than those in Yeocheon from 1996 to 2008. Ozone ($O_3$) was the pollutant in greatest concentration in Yeocheon, and whereas the $SO_2$ concentration in most areas decreased gradually during the whole period of growth, $SO_2$ concentration in Yeocheon has increased continuously since 1999, where it was the highest out of four areas since 2005. Total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity in Yeocheon soil were significantly lower than those of Ulsan. The average growth of black pine in Yeocheon was significantly smaller than that in Ulsan, and the growth of damaged trees represented a significant difference between the two sites. Photosynthetic pigment and malondialdehyde content and antioxidative enzyme activity in the current needles of black pine in Yeocheon were not significantly different between damaged and healthy trees, but in 1-year-old needles, there were significant differences between damaged and healthy trees. In conclusion, needle damage in Yeocheon black pine can be considered the result of long-term exposure to oxidative stress by such as $O_3$ or $SO_2$, rather than a difference in climatic condition or soil properties, and the additional expense of photosynthate needed to overcome damage or alleviate oxidative stress may cause growth retardation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.370-380
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• 2016

The black pine logs damaged by pine wilt disease in Jeju-do were heat-treated to extend the utilization of domestic trees damaged by pine wilt disease. The heat-treatment of wood requires wood to be heated to $56^{\circ}C$ for 30 min at the core. The average moisture content and top-diameter of the black pine logs were ranged from 46% to 141% and from 180 mm to 500 mm, respectively. And the basic specific gravity and oven-dry specific gravity of the black pine logs were 0.47 and 0.52, respectively. The time required for heat-treatment at $105^{\circ}C$ temperature was ranged from 7.7 h to 44.2 h, depending on moisture content and top-diameter. The temperature distribution was used to predict the time required for heat-treatment of black pine log with various moisture contents and top-diameters using finite difference method. The thermal properties of wood including the thermal conductivity and specific heat in accordance with moisture content were calculated. Heat transfer coefficient for mixed convection in form of adding natural convection and forced convection was used for heat transfer analysis. The error between the measured and predicted values ranged from 3% to 45%. The predicted times required for heat-treatment of black pine log with 50% moisture content and 200 mm, 300 mm, and 400 mm top-diameter were 10.9 h, 18.3 h, and 27.0 h, respectively. If the initial moisture content of black pine log is 75%, heat treatment times of 13.6 h, 22.5 h, and 32.8 h were predicted in accordance with top-diameter. And if the initial moisture content of black pine log is 100%, heat treatment times of 16.2 h, 26.5 h, and 38.2 h were predicted in accordance with top-diameter. When the physical properties of logs damaged by pine wilt disease are presented, these results can be applicable to the heat-treatment of red pine and Korean pine logs as well.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.59-65
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• 2005

As physical condition of students improves, there is a need to develop human body-friendly desk and chair for students. In this study, desks and chairs were manufactured with curved veneer lamination under high frequency heating and pressing, using ten wood species such as Japanese red pine, Korean pine, pitch pine, Japanese larch, yellow poplar, black locust, oak, radiata pine, beech, and birch. The performance of these products were evaluated. The results obtained were summarized as follows; With high frequency heating, the turned lamination of veneers with full size sheet ($3{\times}6\;feet$) prepared by rotary lathe peeling was successfully applied for making the members of desk top, leg frames of desk and chair. Bending strengths of desk tops were relatively greater for yellow poplar, black locust and red pine, which were similar to those of beech and birch. Bending strengths of desk legs were classified into greater species group (red pine, yellow poplar, larch) and lower species group (radiata pine, Korean pine, pitch pine). Compressive strengths of chair legs in parallel direction to the lamination were greater in black locust and larch. On the other hand, differences between outer and inner gap at the top and drawer bottom of desk top were rather larger for the laminations of birch and beech, and less for those of yellow poplar and pitch pine, showing greater stability of open drawer space. In results, yellow poplar, larch, pitch pine and red pine showed good appearance and strength properties at the curved veneer lamination. Accordingly, it was believed that these domestic woods were able to substitute for birch which was being imported for the use of veneer-laminates type furniture.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the Fukiage sand dunes of southern Kyushu, Japan. We surveyed the status of recovery of coastal Japanese black pine forests damaged by pine wilt disease and their disaster prevention capability. We placed two transects: Transect 1, in an area that was severely damaged (80-90% damage rate) by pine wilt disease, and Transect 2, in an area that was mostly undamaged (<10% damage rate). Then, we installed survey lines, carried out vegetation surveys, and measured the depth and pH of humus soil. The survey lines were placed perpendicular to the coastline from the top of the fore-dune to the inland area, and divided into five 50 m sections. Before the point 100 m inland from the top of the fore-dune, the number of invasive hardwoods and of Japanese black pines were small because of the poor growth environment in both transects. Past the 100 m point, the species and number of Japanese black pines and broad-leaved trees increased further inland because the growth environment improved. In addition, the recovery metrics of tree height, diameter at breast height, age, and number in Transect 1 were much lower than those in Transect 2, and the basal area of broad-leaved trees and the depth of humus soil in Transect 1 were lower than in Transect 2, and the soil pH of humus soil in Transect 1 was higher than that of Transect 2. The shape ratio of the Japanese black pine forests indicated that they were insufficient for disaster prevention. Therefore, in order to fully promote the disaster prevention capability of coastal Japanese black pine forests, we should not only focus on prevention of pine wilt disease but also undertake continuous control efforts taking into consideration the sound growth environment such as appropriate density and soil management and removal of invasive broad-leaved trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1975

Forecasting of emergence period of the pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis U. et I.) is important for the chemical control of the pest. In order to determine the phenosignal of the emergence period of the pine gall midge, the flowering time of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) at Seoul, Gwangnug, Jounju and Gyungju districts in Korea was investigated. 1. The emergence period of the pine gall midge lasted from end of May until end of June. The emergence of the pine gall midge coincided with the beginning of flowering of black locus at every districts in Korea. 2. The peak of emergence of the pine gall midge lasted from the full blooming period until the end of the flowering period of the black locust. 3. The period of adult emergence of pine gall midge was also found to be associated with the full blooming period of Viburnum sargentii (Caprifeliaceae). Rosa mulliflora (Reseaceae) and Iris ensata (Iridaceae) at Seoul in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to compare the relative growth of annual ring width of red pine(Pinus densiflora), black pine(Pinus thunbergii) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida) by means of multiple regression method according to Graybill hypothesis. The obtained results are as follows. 1. The changes of rainfall have affected to tree growth during the periods of 1975 through 1978. 2. Among these pine trees, red pine was mostly influenced by environmental factors. 3. The growth of annual ring width was sensitively responded to the changes of rainfall and air temperature. 4. Among the heavy metals analyzed, the concentrations(ppm) of Lead(Pb) and Copper(Cu) were negatively effected on the growth of annual ring width of pine trees. 5. The analytical technique of annual ring width may be useful for estimation of the pollution in forest areas near industrial complexes.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2015

In 2013, the epidemics of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) resulted in damages to the forests of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) trees in Jeju Island, Korea. Among the affected trees, an old black pine tree at Cave Temple on Mt. Sanbangsan was included and died due to the prevalence of pine wilt disease. The tree was on Mt. Sanbangsan, which was designated as a National Scenic Place with the Number 77 and was believed to be more than 400 years old in age. By examining the disc of the tree stem obtained from the height of 2 m, we counted the tree rings from 4 different directions and cross-dated the readings by comparing the records of drought simulated from the BROOK Model. Our analysis indicates that the tree seems to have grown since late 1860s. Contrary to the belief of the general public, we can conclude that the age of the tree was estimated to be at maximum 150 years, which means that it was not the same old tree as was shown in the painting of the Tam-Ra-Sun-Ryeok-Do (an old painting book for the Inspection Tour of Jeju Island) published in 1702. Discussion was extended to the life history of the tree in growth and leaning and the measures to protect the tree species from the damages of the pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematodes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.306-309
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• 2000

The black pine bast scale (BPBS), Matsucoccus thunbergianae, causes serious damage to Japanese black pine forests in the southern part of Korean peninsula. After first detection of its damage in Kohung, Chonnam Province in 1963, the distribution has been expanding gradually year by year. Since 1983, extensive surveys for BPBS distributions have been carried out by Korea Forest Research Institute. We used cumulative data for BPBS distribution and analyzed the dispersal pattern. We divided expansions into three directions such as north along the west coast, northeast towards the inland, and east along the south coast. In the direction of northeast the dispersal rate was approximately 4.3km per year in dense forests of Japanese black pine, but it slowed down since the early 1990s. The annual dispersal rates were approximately 5.9 and 3.3km in north and east directions, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.463-468
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• 1993

In order to elucidate the translocation of the systemic insecticide, phosphamidon (2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate), treated to pine trees against pine leaf gall midges (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye), $[vinyl,\;carbonyl-^{14}C]$ phosphamidon was implanted into the trunks of 10-year-old Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), respectively. The upward movement rates of the chemical within Korean red pine in July and Japanese black pine in December were ca. 10 cm/hr and 2 cm/hr, respectively. The original radioactivity level persisted up to 75 days after treatment throughout the whole tree in Korean red pine in July, whereas it did up to 150 days in Japanese black pine in December. The chemical was translocated up to the top at the insecticidal level within 3 days after treatment in July, whereas in December it was within 15 days. The translocation of the chemical was much dependent upon pine tree species and the treated season. Methanol was suitable for the extraction of phosphamidon and its metabolites from pine needles. Autoradiography of the methanol extracts of pine needles collected from the treated pine trees proved that phosphamidon broke down very quickly within pine trees (ca. 80% metabolized within 7 days).