• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.499-502
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• 2013

An eight-year-old, castrated male, Poodle dog was presented with a bite wound in the neck region. Clinical examination revealed non-ambulatory signs of tetraparesis with deep pain, and upper motor neuron changes in all limbs. Fractures of the transverse process of C1 and the dorsal spinous process of C2 were observed on the radiographs and the computed tomography (CT). Conservative therapy was performed for 1 week. However the neurological problems were not alleviated until 7 days after injury. The owners agreed to perform surgical stabilization. The surgical stabilization was performed 7 days after presentation. Ventral stabilization was performed with screws, K-wires and bone cement. The dog stood up independently after 4 weeks and was able to walk 6 weeks postoperatively. In this report we suggest that using combined stabilization techniques are effective for this type of cervical fracture in which the dorsal and ventral structures of the vertebra are severely disrupted.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.605-610
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• 2009

Purpose: Substantial tissue necrosis after snake bites requiring coverage with flap surgery is extremely rare. In this article, we report 7 cases of soft tissue defects in the upper and the lower extremities caused by snake bites, which needed to be covered with flaps. Among the vast mass of publications on snake bites there has been no report that focuses on flap coverage of soft tissue defects due to snake bite sequelae. Methods: Seven cases of soft tissue defects with tendon, ligament, or bone exposure after snake bites were included. All patients were males without comorbidities, the average age was 35 years. All of them required coverage with a flap. In 6 cases, the defect was localized on the upper extremity, in one case the lesion was on the lower extremity. Local flaps were used in 6 cases, one case was covered with a free flap. The surgical procedures included one kite flap, one cross finger flap and digital nerve reconstruction with a sural nerve graft, one reverse proximal phalanx island flap, one groin flap, one adipofascial flap, one neurovascular island flap, and one anterolateral thigh free flap. The average interval from injury to flap surgery was 23.7 days. Results: All flaps survived without complication. All patients regained a good range of motion in the affected extremity. Donor site morbidities were not observed. The case with digital nerve reconstruction recovered a static two point discrimination of 7 mm. The patient with foot reconstruction can wear normal shoes without a debulking procedure. Conclusion: The majority of soft tissue affection after snake bites can be treated conservatively. Some severe cases, however, may require the coverage with flap surgery after radical debridement, especially, if there is exposure of tendon, bone or neurovascular structures. There is no doubt that definite coverage should be performed as soon as possible. But we also want to point out that this principle must not lead to a premature coverage. If the surgeon is not certain that the wound is free of necrotic tissue or remnants of venom, it is better to take enough time to get a proper wound before flap surgery in order to obtain a good functional and cosmetic result.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to identify the contents, frequency of use, and the rationales of folk remedies frequently used for first aid at home for stomachache, vomiting, strain, food poisoning, vaginal bleeding, or wounds of snake or dog bite, or bee sting. As the method of the study, data were collected by conducting a questionnaire of 185 persons, who filled it out or who were interviewed from May to August in 1998. The collected data was analyzed by using frequency and the rationales for the contents of the folk remedies were described base on literatures. The results were as follows,. 1. The folk remedies for stomachache in frequency order were 'warming the abdomen', 'rubbing the abdomen with a hand', or 'pricking a finger to bleed', which have the rationals. 2. The folk remedies for vomiting in frequency order are 'drinking water of watery radish' and 'pricking a finger to bleed', which have the rationales. 3. The folk remedies for strain in frequency order are 'soaking the affected area into cold water or applying an ice pack' and 'after soaking jasmine in water, making a dough with flour, and then attaching it on the affected area', which have the rationales, Additionally, although the frequencies are low, 'drinking brewed Achyranthis Radix' and 'applying brewed leaves and stalks of Sambuci Cortex' have the rationales. 4. The folk remedies for food poisoning in frequency order are 'drinking black beans and licorice brewed together' and 'eating mung beans', which have the scientific grounds. 5. The folk remedies for bloody discharge in frequency order are 'drinking brewed lotus root' and 'eating boiled chicken stuffed with root of bell-flower'. However, 'drinking brewed Thujae orientalis Folium' has the rationales. 6. The folk remedy for snake bite wounds that has the scientific grounds is 'sucking blood by a person without hurt in the mouth'. However, quite a lot of people apply alum or soy paste, which has no rationales. 7. The folk remedies for the bee sting in frequency order are 'after removing the sting, applying soy paste or sauce' and 'applying saliva'. No rationales for 'applying saliva' have been found. 8. The folk remedy for the dog bite wound that has the rationales is 'applying juice of leaves or stalks of Xanthii Fructus'. However, 85% of surveyed people use remedies that have no scientific grounds, such as 'applying burnt dog hair mixed with (sesame) oil' and 'applying soy paste or sauce'. Various materials are used in folk remedies for first aid treatment as shown above. Some of the folk remedies have the rationales since their medicinal actions have been found. However, the medicinal actions of the majority have not been found, but only known that they are effective, Especially for the materials except botanical drugs, they are used without knowing the effects since their components and pharmacognosies have not been described in any literature. The results of this research may be used for materials to educate the surveyed people or to consult them. Accordingly, the folk remedies that have the rationales are required to continue to study to find out the effects.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2000

The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, has been used for salvage of the venous-congested flap following reconstructive surgery, with increasing frequency during the last two decades. Medicinal leech therapy is a safe, efficacious, economical, and well-tolerated intervention. The flap salvage with leeching occurs in approximately 70% of cases, and leeches need to be used as early as possible. At the time of the bite, evacuation of blood and injection of the leech saliva products, including anticoagulants and inhibitors of platelet aggregation, maintain capillary circulation of the flap, and then venous capillary return is established across the wound by angiogenesis. One of the salivary products, hirudin, represents the first parenteral anticoagulant introduced since the discovery of heparin. We analyzed two cases in which flap salvage with leeching was attempted, and reviewed medicinal leech therapy on the basis of our experiences and literature review. This has not been documented in the head and neck surgery literature in our country.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.245-253
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• 2019

Orthognathic surgery of skeletal Class III malocclusion improves oral function and facial appearance. The greater amount of skeletal discrepancy, the greater amount of teeth movement required for decompensation, and this often causes pathological changes in periodontal tissue especially in lower anterior dentition. We made a Top-Down treatment plan with personalized analysis using Face Hunter, Plane System and ARCUS Digma II, in order to resolve severe mobility and cross-bite of lower anterior teeth for 49-year-old female patient who had undergone orthognathic surgery 20 years ago due to skeletal Class III malocclusion and mandibular prognathism. Lower anterior teeth were extracted and alveoloplasty was done. After healing of the wound, immediate loading was conducted immediately after implant placement. Final restorations were fabricated Zirconia using CAD/CAM, and inserted intraorally screw-retained type. During 6-month follow-up, no abnormal episodes of restorations were observed, and obtained satisfactorily both of functional and esthetic outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.131-146
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• 1989

This study was conducted for the development of recording system of students' health problems, and for the application of International Classification of Health Problem in Primary Care(ICHPPC) as a tool of morbidity classification in school health care. The data were collected from 12th of September to 24th of September in 1988. The objects were composed of health problems written by 10 school nurses who take service in the elementary school. The results were as follows: 1. The features of students' health problmes. The health problems of students were 68 problems from the total numbers of 361 codes of ICHPPC. The 93.4% of health problems was contained in 20 descriptive diagnoses and 97.0% was contained in 30 descriptive diagnoses. According to frequency of main health problems, There were abrasion, scratch and blister(26.7%); disorder of stomach function, other disease of stomach and duodenum (20.4%); headache(10.6%); bruise and contusion (5.3%); acute URI (5.0%); laceration and open wound(4.6%); Insect bite and sting(4.0%); epistaxis(3.4%): abdominal pain(2.6%): superficial tissue(1.7%). Out of all health problems, Category 17(accident, injury and poisoning was 44.7%. and Category 9(digestive system Disease) was 22.2%. 2. Applicability of ICHPPC by the school nurses. School nurses used 68 codes, among the total number of 361 codes from ICHPPC. According to ICHPPC method, school nurses can classified more diverse health problems systematically and objectively than that in other studies on school nurses activities. ICHPPC was found as a useful and applicable tool of morbidity classification in the practice of school nurses.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.391-394
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• 2009

An Asian water monitor Varanus salvator with physical wound due to bite which was subsequently infected with bacterium resulting to hemorrhage and pus in the skin blisters, abdominal distention and septicemia. Morganella morganii was isolated and identified from the blood and kidney of the reptile, and confirmed by PCR and biochemical tests. The sensitivity of isolated strains to different groups of antibiotics was also evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Pathogenicity test using M. morganii (SNUFPC-MM01) (1.6 ${\times}$ $10^{11}$CFU/mouse) to suckling and adult mice resulted to the death of all mice. This paper describes the first isolation of M. morganii from Asian water monitor in Korea.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.300-303
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• 2016

An age-unknown, 4.8 kg, male, wild, domestic short-hair cat was presented for left hindlimb lameness. A physical examination revealed a draining tract which was suspected of bite on left calcaneal bone. The left tarsal joint was markedly swollen and exudates were observed around the draining tract. Sequestrum at left calcaneus bone, and osteolysis were identified by radiography. The sequestrum and its surrounding exudative tissue were debrided during surgery and the tissue was submitted for bacterial culture and sensitivity test. The debridement caused a bone defect ($1.5cm{\times}0.5cm{\times}0.5cm$) on the medial left calcaneal bone. Plate and screw fixation was performed to the calcaneus bone as buttress plate. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) loaded hydroxyapatite was implanted in the bone defect. Furthermore, Amikacin-impregnated collagen sponges were also placed around bone plate to deliver local antibiotics. A systemic antibiotic treatment regimen based on bacterial culture and sensitivity test results was administered for 4 weeks. The wound properly healed without any signs of infection, and the bone healing was confirmed by radiography. The patient showed normal weight bearing ambulation at 18 weeks after surgery. The use of rhBMP-2 and local antibiotic delivery system is a good surgical option for the one-stage treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.532-538
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• 2008

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare X-linked recessively inherited disorder, caused by complete absence or decrease in activity of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase(HPRT), an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. This enzyme deficiency gives rise to nephropathy symptoms, such as hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia by excessive uric acid production and neuropathy symptoms, such as mental retardation, choreoathetosis and self mutilation behavior. Patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have tendency to bite their lip, tongue and finger. In severe cases, partial or even total amputation of tongue or finger occur. Self-inflicted bites are often complicated by secondary infection to the injured site as well as pain. Furthermore tissue loss by biting results in esthetic problems. The dental management of self mutilation includes treatment with appliances such as soft mouth guard or lip bumper, extraction of all the teeth, and orthognathic surgery. We report a case of a 13 year-old boy with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, who severely injured himself on his tongue. At first, conservative treatment using soft mouth guard was considered, but it could not prevent trauma on his tongue. Therefore, extraction of the lower anterior and posterior teeth was carried out.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2018

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive genetic disorder. During purine metabolism, the hypoxanthine guanine phosphribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzyme is deficient causing phosphoribosyl transferase to accumulate and resulting in excessive uric acid. Clinical symptoms include hypercalcemia, choreoathetosis, spasticity, mental retardation, and self-injury to lips, tongue or fingers. This results not only in pain caused by the self-injury but also secondary infection of the wound site and the esthetic damage of the soft tissue defect. Dental treatments include conservative methods using intraoral appliances such as soft mouthguards, fixed lip bumpers, and occlusal guards, and invasive methods such as extraction of all teeth or forming an artificial anterior open bite. We report two cases of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome patients with self-mutilation behavior; one was treated with a preservative method using a soft mouthguard, and the other was treated with extraction of all teeth.