• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.441-448
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• 2017

Bisphenol-A(BPA) is a member of alkylphenol family, and shows adverse effects including reduced fertility, reproductive tract abnormalities, metabolic disorder, cancer induction, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. In the present study, we conducted Hershberger assay to evaluate whether the two candidates to replace BPA have androgenic or antiandrogenic activity. The assay was carried out using immature castrated Sprague-Dawley male rats. After 7 days of the surgery, testosterone propionate (TP, 0.4 mg/kg/day) and test materials (low dose, 40 mg/kg/day; high dose, 400 mg/kg/day) were administered for 10 consecutive days by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and oral gavage, respectively. Test materials were BPA, isosorbide (ISO) and cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM). The rats were necropsied, and then the weights of five androgen-dependent tissues [ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, levator ani-bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle, paired Cowper's glands, and glans penis] and three androgen-insensitive tissues (kidney, spleen and liver) were measured. All test materials including BPA did not exhibit any androgenic activity in the assay. On the contrary, antiandrogen-like activities were found in all test groups, and the order of the intensity was CHDM > BPA > ISO in the five androgen-sensitive tissues. There was no statistical difference between low dose treatment and high dose treatment of BPA group as well as ISO group. In CHDM group, high dose treatment exhibited most severe weight reduction in all measured tissues. There was no statistical difference in androgen-insensitive tissue measurements, except BPA groups. Since the effects of ISO treatment on the accessory sex organs were much less or not present at all when compared to those of BPA, ISO could be a strong candidate to replace BPA. CHDM treatment brought most severe weight reduction in all of androgen-sensitive tissues, so this material should be excluded for further screening of BPA substitute selection.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.484-493
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• 2000

The simultaneous analysis of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in biota samples was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring mode. The phenols were extracted from sample with organic solvent and Forisil and Silica columns for clean-up procedure were compared. Recovery studies were performed at 1-ppm level of phenols added to each biota sample. Their recoveries ranged between 83 and 116% with coefficient of variations of 2.4-11.9%. To improve the detection limits of phenols, trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization was applied. The gas chromatographic properties of free phenols and TMS derivatized phenols were also investigated.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the preventive effect of three forms of Korean ginseng roots (fresh, white and red) against bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity in mouse male germ cells (GC-2spd, TM3, TM4). ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation were measured by DCF-DA (2',7'-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate) assay. Also, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes, Bax (pro-apoptotic gene) and Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic gene). ROS generation was increased by $50{\mu}M$ BPA, but definitely decreased by treatment with Korean ginseng extracts (fresh, white and red) in mouse male germ cells. In especial, Korean fresh ginseng extract reduced significantly ROS production to normal control. In addition, Korean fresh and white ginseng extracts suppressed the apoptosis of mouse male germ cells by fine-tuning mRNA levels of apoptotic genes changed by BPA. In general, Korean fresh ginseng extract was more effective than white ginseng extract for reducing BPA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse male germ cells. Therefore, Korean fresh and white ginseng may help to alleviate biphenol A toxicity in mouse male germ cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2023

Laccase activity is influenced by copper (Cu) as an inducer. In this study, laccase was immobilized on Cu and Cu-magnetic (Cu/Fe₂O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) to improve enzyme stability and potential applications. The Cu/Fe₂O₄ NPs functionally activated by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde exhibited an immobilization yield and relative activity (RA) of 93.1 and 140%, respectively. Under optimized conditions, Cu/Fe₂O₄ NPs showed high loading of laccase up to 285 mg/g of support and maximum RA of 140% at a pH 5.0 after 24 h of incubation (4℃). Immobilized laccase, as Cu/Fe₂O₄-laccase, had a higher optimum pH (4.0) and temperature (45℃) than those of a free enzyme. The pH and temperature profiles were significantly improved through immobilization. Cu/Fe₂O₄-laccase exhibited 25-fold higher thermal stability at 65℃ and retained residual activity of 91.8% after 10 cycles of reuse. The degradation of bisphenols was 3.9-fold higher with Cu/Fe₂O₄-laccase than that with the free enzyme. To the best of our knowledge, Rhus vernicifera laccase immobilization on Cu or Cu/Fe₂O₄ NPs has not yet been reported. This investigation revealed that laccase immobilization on Cu/Fe₂O₄ NPs is desirable for efficient enzyme loading and high relative activity, with remarkable bisphenol A degradation potential.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2000

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are exogenous chemicals which interfere several aspects of natural hormone properties. EDs with estrogenic activity have been recently reported to cause animal reproductive problems. This study was performed to investigate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on the mouse spermatogenesis in vivo. Male ICR mice were orally injected on a daily basis with low dose of BPA 20 mg/kg, high dose of BPA 200 mg/kg, or corn oil (vehicle control) for 7 days, and litter size and weights of body, testis, and cauda epididymis were measured. The level of serum testosterone and the expression of TGF- $\beta$$_1$ mRNA were also analyzed using RIA and RT-PCR, respectively. Also, morphological differences of testes after treatments were examined. Sperm concentration and level of serum testosterone showed a decreasing tendency detected as untreated >corn oil >low >high dose BPA treated mice, although there were no significant statistical differences. Interestingly, in mice treated with a high dose of BPA, partial disappearance of spermatozoa in seminiferous tubular lumen and the expression of TGF-$\beta$$_1$ mRNA were observed. Spermatogenesis was disrupted through TGF-$\beta$ system in the seminiferous tubules, resulting in no development of germ cells. Similarly, the litter size treated with a high dose of BPA was significantly different from that of untreated control group. In conclusion, these results that a high dose of BPA (200 mg/kg) acts as an endocrine disruptor during apermatogenesis in male mice md that there are BPA-specific lesions in the adult male reproductive tract might represent a permanently altered responsiveness to testosterone by BPA in the affected target tissue.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2002

Some of synthetic chemicals can net as an endocrine disrupting substance in higher animals. Dioxins, DDT, PCBs and bisphenol A (BPA) are classified into endocrine disruptors and aye under a strict control in many countries. This research was designed to compare the clastogenic effects of BPA to those of ionizng radiation to establish the relaltive effectiveness of BPA by means of Tradescantia micronucleus assay. For the uptake of the BPA through the stems, groups of fresh cuttings of Tradescantia BNL 4430 weve placed in BPA solutions of 0 to 4 $\mu$M for 6 hours under continuous aeration. The other groups of the cuttings were irradiated with 0 to 0.5 Gy of gamma- rays. The frequencies of micronucleus showed a positive dose- response relationship in the range of 0 to 0.5 Gy, and a clear concentration-response relationship in the experimental range of BPA concentrations. By comparing the two experimental results, it is possible to estimate the BPA concentration and its equivalent radiation dose for a fixed value of MCN frequency. BPA of $ll.8\mu{M}$ can give rise to 53.3 MCN/100 tetrads, which is the same frequency induced by 25 cGy of gamma- rays. It is of biological importance that clinical symptoms start to develop after a whole body exposure to radiation higher than 25 cGy. The results indicate that the pollen mother cells are an excellent biological end- point for toxicity test of suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A, cotylphenol and nonylphenol.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.689-698
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• 2007

A new technique was proposed for the determination of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in korean aquatic biological samples. The alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in korean aquatic biological samples were extracted with acetonitrile and then acetonitrile layer was refrigerated at $-60^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours(freezing filtration method). Also, solid-phase extraction(SPE) was used to XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutoxycarbonyl(isoBOC) or tert-butyldimethylsilyl(TBDMS) derivatives for sensitive analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring(GC/MS-SIM) mode. For isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization the recoveries were $70.1\sim150.6%$ and $93.8\sim108.3%$, the method detection limit(MDLs) of bisphenol A for SIM were $0.062{\mu}g/kg$ and $0.010{\mu}g/kg$, and the SIM respectively. When these methods were applied to korean aquatic biological samples, the concentrations of the 11 phenolic EDCs were $0.675\sim1.970{\mu}g/kg$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.235-236
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• 2002

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.160-160
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• 2001

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2001