• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.51-55
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• 2008

프탈레이트는 화장품 원료로서 사용되지 않지만 네일락카, 헤어스프레이 제품류 등에는 혼입 또는 오염에 의해 제품 중에서 검출되어 시민단체 등에 의해 지속적인 안전성 문제가 제기되고 있기에 이들 제품에 대한 정확한 함량분석은 매우 중요하다. 그러나, 대부분의 프탈레이트 시험은 수질 또는 환경시료 등에서 다량의 유기용매로 추출/농축하여 가스크로마토그래피-질량분광분석기(GC-MS)를 사용하여 미량의 함량을 분석하는 방법으로 화장품 분석에 적용하기가 쉽지 않으며 화장품 분석에 적용되는 공인시험법도 아직까지 없는 실정이다. 또한 질량분석기의 가격, 시료전처리 및 기기유지관리에 소요되는 비용과 시간이 적지 않아 일반적인 품질관리에 적용하기엔 부담이 적지 않다. 특히 프탈레이트의 ppm 수준 이하 농도 분석시에는 기기 및 기구, 시약 등의 오염에 의해 분석결과 수치가 높게 나타나는 문제점으로 인해 정확한 분석기술과 분석경험이 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 네일락카와 헤어스프레이 제품 분석에 적합하며 품질보증(quality-assurance ; Q.A)을 위한 시험에도 유용하도록 저비용의 범용적인 기기를 사용하면서 ppm 농도의 프탈레이트를 빠른 시간에 분석할 수 있는 방법을 설계하였다. 이 방법은 유기용매 사용량을 최소화하여 친환경적이며, 시료전처리 시간과 단계를 줄여 오염의 가능성을 최소화하며 저비용의 가스크로마토그래피-불꽃이온화검출기(GC-FID)를 사용하여 제품 내 $2{\sim}50{\mu}g/g(ppm)$ 농도의 프탈레이트를 검출하는 분석법으로 관련업체에서 매우 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 우리나라의 전통차의 계승과 새로운 식품의 개발하고자 생강나무의 잎을 이용한 차의 제조방법에 따른 향기성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 재차방법에 따른 향기성분은 덖음차 81종, 찐후덖음차 78종, 자연건조차 88종, 발효차 86종, 찐차 72종 및 인공건조차 89종의 분리할 수 있었다. 생강나무 잎차의 향기성분은 $\beta-piepne$을 비롯한 hydrocarbone류가 45종이 동정되었으며, 가장 많은 종류의 성분이 분포되었다. Alcohol류는 L-linalool, n-octanoal, phenyl acetaldehyde, $(-)-\alpha-terpineol$, elemol, cholest-5-en-3-ol, 등 16종, 2-nitro-2(3-hydroxybuthyl) -clododexanone, 3-(3-butenyl)-2,3-epoxy-cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-2-propyl- cyclo-hexanone 등 11종의 ketone류가, phenyl acetaldehyde, tetradecanal, 10-undecanal, 4-Bromo-2- methylbutanal 등 8종의 aldehyde류가 동정되었다. 또한 ester류는 methyl 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienate, didodecyl phthalate, 1,2-benzenediccar-baboxy acid-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester 3종류가 동정되었고, 또한 phenol류는 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol이 동정되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2022

Background: Few studies have evaluated the exposure to phthalates via inhalation of floor dust in children's living areas. Objectives: This study evaluated the concentration and exposure level of phthalates emitted from indoor floor dust in children's living areas. Methods: This study utilized the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Environment in 2019. Indoor dust was collected from 150 households with children aged 3~7 and 67 daycare centers or local children's centers by using vacuum cleaners. It was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Six types of phthalates were analyzed: Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), Di-N-octyl phthalate (DNOP), Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), Di -isodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Results: The medians of DEHP concentrations were 1,028 and 1,937 mg/kg in homes and daycare centers, respectively. The median and maximum values of daily intake were calculated by applying the median and 95th percentile values (the upper 5% of the total concentration) in dust measured in the homes. The DEHP median value was 1.6 ㎍/kg/bw/day, and a maximum A value of 7.8 ㎍/kg/bw/day was calculated. When the childcare center values were applied, the median daily intake of DEHP was 3.1 ㎍/kg/bw/day and the maximum value was 29.2 ㎍/kg/bw/day. As a result of calculating the daily intake by integrating the values of home and childcare facilities, the median and maximum values of daily intake were 1.9 and 10.9 ㎍/kg/bw/day, respectively. Conclusions: This study derives phthalate concentrations among the floor dust in homes and childcare facilities where children mainly spend time, and suggests their intake of phthalates through this. In particular, it was newly suggested that the phthalate concentrations in homes and childcare facilities are different, resulting in differences in intake.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.548-554
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• 2020

Objectives: This study is to examine the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials in elementary school classrooms and libraries in Seoul, and to investigate phthalate contamination in indoor dust. Methods: PVC material was identified for building materials and furniture using portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Phthalates in dust samples (n=19) were extracted by ultrasonic extraction using cyclohexane and analyzed by GC-MS. Results: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were found in all collected dust samples (n=19), and diisonyl phthalate (DINP) was detected in all except for one sample (n=18). The concentration of DEHP (median: 2190 mg/kg) and DINP (2960 mg/kg) were higher than other compounds, suggesting that there are many products in the school that used these compounds. When comparing the phthalate concentration in the classroom (n=11) and library dust (n=8), the total concentration in the classroom (median: 10000 mg/kg) was higher than that in the library (8030 mg/kg). DEHP was the dominant compound in the library. The library is relatively more equipped with PVC furniture (n=83) and most floors are also identified as PVC material, suggesting that floors and furniture made of PVC materials are main sources of DEHP contamination. Conclusions: This study is a pilot survey for investigating phthalate contamination in elementary schools. As a result of the survey, phthalate contamination in elementary school was confirmed. However, further study requires risk assessment of children through analysis of phthalate metabolites in children based on sufficient number of samples and information about the site.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.483-491
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• 2013

Objectives: Electronic cigarettes are battery powered devices that convert a nicotine-containing liquid into an inhalable vapor. The device aerosolizes nicotine so that it is readily entrained into the respiratory tract, from where it enters the bloodstream. Information on the safety of E-cigarettes is required. Methods: Seventeen articles on studies analyzing toxic substances in the liquid and gas phases of electronic cigarettes were reviewed. Results: Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, known to be carcinogenic agents in humans or animals, were detected in the liquid and gas phases. In addition, diethyl phthalate, acetone, ethanol, cresol, xylene, propylene, styrene, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol cis-3-hexen-1-ol, methyl cinnamate and undecane were identified in the liquid and gas phases of E-cigarettes. Propylene glycol, glycerin, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-hydroxy-2- propanone, acetic acid, 1-menthone, 2,3-butanediol, menthol, carvone, maple lactone, benzyl alcohol, 2-methyl-2-pentanoic acid, ethyl mantel, ethyl cinnamate, myosamine, benzoic acid, 2,3-bipyridine, cotinine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1'1-oxybis-2-propanol were detected in the vapors of E-cigarettes. Conclusion: The hazardous compounds identified in the liquid and gas phases of E-cigarettes should be controlled for the lowest concentrations in the raw materials and production procedures.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.501-505
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• 2009

$TiO_2$ nano-particle paste was prepared by ethyl cellulose, $\alpha$-terpineol and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dioxcyl phthalate) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Dispersion and absorbance of $TiO_2$ photoanode films was controlled by adding different amount of ethyl cellulose and $\alpha$-terpineol. The morphology of prepared $TiO_2$ films was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and the optical properties of $TiO_2$ films were measured by UV/vis spectra. Photovoltaic-current density was observed to determine the electrochemical response of DSSCs. Energy conversion efficiency was obtained about 7.1% at ethyl cellulose and $\alpha$-terpineol at optimal mixed ratio (as ethyl cellulose: 0.1 g; $\alpha$-terpineol: 1.5 ml) under illumination with AM 1.5($100\;Wcm^{-2}$) simulated sunlight.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.165-167
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• 2008

The performances of tetracycline based cation selective polymeric membrane electrodes of many sets with different plasticizers were investigated as the selectivity of ion-selective electrodes and optodes are greatly influenced by membrane solvent and also controlled by plasticizers. The membrane 1 with Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS) and additive shows good potentiometric performance toward Ca2+ (slope: 27.8 mV per decade; DL: -4.52) including selectivity. Contrastingly, membrane 4 with Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) shows near-Nernstian response, it has also shown the best measuring range and detection limit for Ca2+ (29.5 mV and -5.10) and Mg2+ (24.4 mV and -5.04) and the least selectivity has been also observed between Ca2+ and Mg2+. When the membrane 1 and 4 were used together to flow system, we could determine the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+, simultaneously.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.76-89
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• 2018

Background: Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been considered one of the main causes of a range of endocrine diseases in modern society. An EDC priority list considering exposure, toxicity, and societal concern should be established for EDC management. Methods: The chemical ranking and scoring (CRS) system for EDCs was based on exposure, toxicity,and societal concern. The exposure score system was based on usage, circulation volume, bioaccumulation, and detection in consumer products. The toxicity score system was based on carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity. The societal concern score system was based on domestic or international regulations and mass media reports. Results: A total of 165 EDCs were considered in the CRS system. The top-five priority EDCs were Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Benzene, Bisphenol A, Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Trichloroethylene. Phthalates, bisphenols and parabens were identified as priority chemical groups. Conclusion: We developed a CRS system for EDCs to identify priority EDCs for management. This will be a foundation to provide an EDC management plan based on scientific decision-making.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.59-63
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• 2008

Poly (vinylchloride) (PVC) membrane electrodes based on neutral carrier, tetracycline was prepared as an active sensor for Hg(II) ion, and tested in different contents of the potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB) as lipophilic salt. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS), bis(l-butylpentyl) adipate (BBPA), 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were used as diverse plasticizing solvent mediators. This electrode shows excellent potentiometric response characteristics and display good linearity with log $[Hg^{+2}]$ versus EMF response, over a range of concentrations between $10^{-7}$ and $10^{-3}M$. With 30.8mV/decade Nernstian slope, the detection limit was $6.9{\times}10^{-9}M$ and the response time was less than 20s. The proposed electrode yields very good selectivity for mercury (II) ion over many cations such as alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. And it shows a very stable potential values in a wide pH range. This reliable electrode prepared was kept at least a month without considerable alteration in their response to Hg (II) ion.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2014

본 연구는 UV와 US를 함께 조사하는 UV/US 연계 공정을 통해 발생하는 시너지 효과를 조사하고, 이를 효과적으로 오염물질 처리 공정에 적용 가능한지에 대하여 연구하였다. US를 조사하는 경우에는 $H_2O_2$의 농도가 지속적으로 증가하지만, UV/US를 동시에 조사한 경우 $H_2O_2$의 농도가 증가하는 속도가 점점 감소하여 일정 농도로 수렴하는 포화속도곡선의 경향을 보였으며, US가 단독으로 조사되었을 때 생성된 $H_2O_2$와 UV/US 연계 공정을 통해 생성된 $H_2O_2$와의 차이가 오염물질 제거율 향상에 시너지 효과를 일으킨다고 판단된다. 시너지 효과를 검증하기 위해 인체에 유해한 영향을 미치는 가소제 중 하나인 bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP)를 이용하여 제거실험을 실시하였다. UV와 US를 동시에 조사하는 UV/US 연계 공정의 경우 DEHP의 제거 유사 일차반응 속도상수(k1)가 $14.81{\times}10^{-3}min^{-1}$로 UV만 조사하는 경우의 $2.60{\times}10^{-3}min^{-1}$과 US만 조사하는 경우의 $10.34{\times}10^{-3}min^{-1}$보다 더 큰 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 UV/US 연계 공정에서 DEHP의 제거가 더 활발하게 일어남을 확인하였으며, 이는 시너지 효과에 의한 것이라 판단된다. 또한 DEHP 제거 유사 일차반응 속도상수 값을 이용하여 시너지 효과를 이론적으로 계산한 결과 시너지 효과 값은 1.15로 나타나 기준값인 1보다 큰 값을 가지므로 시너지 효과가 발생했다고 판단된다.