• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2016

Though there is an abundant supply of nitrogen in the atmosphere, it cannot be used directly by the biological systems since it has to be combined with the element hydrogen before their incorporation. This process of nitrogen fixation ($N_2$-fixation) may be accomplished either chemically or biologically. Between the two elements, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a microbiological process that converts atmospheric di-nitrogen ($N_2$) into plant-usable form. In this review, the genetics and mechanism of nitrogen fixation including genes responsible for it, their types and role in BNF are discussed in detail. Nitrogen fixation in the different agricultural systems using different methods is discussed to understand the actual rather than the potential $N_2$-fixation procedure. The mechanism by which the diazotrophic bacteria improve plant growth apart from nitrogen fixation such as inhibition of plant ethylene synthesis, improvement of nutrient uptake, stress tolerance enhancement, solubilization of inorganic phosphate and mineralization of organic phosphate is also discussed. Role of diazotrophic bacteria in the enhancement of nitrogen fixation is also dealt with suitable examples. This mini review attempts to address the importance of diazotrophic bacteria in nitrogen fixation and plant growth improvement.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2005

생물학적 질소고정과정의 연구는 학문적으로나 산업적으로 매우 중요한 과정이다. 본 총설에서는 공업적 질소고정과 비교되는 생물학적 질소고정의 특징을 간단히 살펴보고, Azotobacter vinelandii에서 연구되고 있는 생물학적 질소고정효소의 특징을 다룬다. 생물학적 질소고정과정은 다양한 생명체에서 일어나며, 최근에는 미생물인 A. vinelandii에 그 작용 메커니즘에 관한 연구가 집중되어 있다. 공기중의 질소를 암모니아로 변환시키는 질소고정은 화학적으로 환원 반응에 해당하므로 전자의 공급이 필요하다. 생물학적 질소고정을 담당하는 질소고정효소는 촉매반응을 위해 생물학적인 환원력을 사용하여 전자를 공급받아, Fe 단백질의 $Fe_4S_4$ cluster와 MoFe 단백질의 P-cluster를 거쳐 질소 환원 반응이 일어나는 FeMo-cofactor로 전달한다. 이러한 전자전달의 과정과 수소이온의 전달 과정은 질소고정효소의 반응 메커니즘 이해에 매우 중요한 과정이며, FeMo-cofactor와 질소분자의 상호작용은 생물학적 질소고정 메커니즘의 중심에 있다. 질소고정 작용 메커니즘의 연구에는 X-선 단백질 결정학, EPR과 $M{\ddot{u}}ssbauer$ 등의 다양한 분광학적 방법과, 효소의 기질과 저해제의 상호작용을 연구하고 mutant와 비교하는 생화학적 접근방법, 그리고 FeMo-cofactor의 모델 화합물을 합성하여 연구하는 화학적 방법 등이 적용되었다. 이들 분야의 최근 연구결과를 소개하며, 마지막으로, 다양한 연구 결과에 바탕하여 새로운 질소고정효소의 작용 기작이 제안하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.261-268
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• 1987

논상태(狀態)의 토양(土壤)에서 유기물(有機物)의 종류(種類), 질소비종(窒素肥種) 및 시비량(施肥量)을 달리했을 때 광합성(光合成) 및 타양성질소고정미생물(他養成窒素固定微生物)에 의한 생물학적(生物學的) 질소고정량(窒素固定量)과 Kjeldahl 분석(分析)에 의한 토양중(土壤中) 전질소함량(全窒素含量) 변화차이(變化差異)를 알고저 초자실(硝子室)에서 60일(日) 담수시험(湛水試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 각종시용유기물중(各種施用有機物中) 탄소(炭素) 1mg당(當) 생물질소(生物窒素) 고정량(固定量)은 glucose 0.13mg, 볏짚 0.09mg, 그리고 양송이 폐상퇴비와 보리짚은 0.07mg이였다. 2. 토양종류(土壤種類)에 따른 질소고정량(窒素固定量)은 질소비종(窒素肥種)에 따라서 상이(相異)했으며 시비량(施肥量)이 증가(增加)할수록 감소(減少)했는데 감소(減少)의 정도(程度)는 유안(硫安)보다 요소시용시(尿素施用時) 현저(顯著)하였다. 3. 광조건별(光條件別) 질소비종(窒素肥種) 및 시비량(施肥量)에 따른 질소고정량(窒素固定量)은 사질토양(砂質土壤)에서 유안(硫安)이 요소(尿素)보다 증가(增加)되었으며 전질소고정량중(全窒素固定量中) 75%는 광합성미생물(光合成微生物)에 의하여 그리고 25%는 타양성질소고정미생물(他養性窒素固定微生物)에 의하여 고정(固定)되었다고 추정(推定)할 수 있었다. 그러나 식질토양(埴質土壤)에서는 광조건(光條件)과 질소비종간(窒素肥種間)에 뚜렷한 차이(差異)는 보이지 않했다. 4. 시험전후토양(試驗前後土壤)의 질소함량(窒素含量)을 보면 사질토양(砂質土壤)은 처리(處理)에 관계(關係)없이 시험후(試驗後) 토양(土壤)의 질소(窒素)가 현저(顯著)히 감소(減少)되었는데 그 정도(程度)는 요소시용구(尿素施用區)의 광차단조건(光遮斷條件)에서 현저(顯著)하였다. 한편 식질토양(埴質土壤)에서 비종간(肥種間)에는 큰차이(差異)를 볼 수 없었으나 광차단조건(光遮斷條件)에서 질소(窒素)의 감소(減少)가 현저(顯著)하였다. 5. Acetylene 환원법(還元法)에 의한 생물질소고정량(生物窒素固定量)과 Kjeldahl 분석(分析)에 의한 전질소함량변화차이(全窒素含量變化差異)는 평균(平均) 6:1의 비율(比率)을 보였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to investigate the soil nitrogen credit of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and the nitrogen balance of soybean in soybean-barley cropping systems. Soybean cultivar, Shinpaldalkong2 and barley cultivar, Olbori, were used in soybean mono-cropping (SM), barley monocropping (BM), and barley­soybean double cropping system. The barley-soybean double cropping system was treated with two different levels of nitrogen fertilizers, 0 nitrogen fertilizer (BS-F0), and standard nitrogen fertilizer (BS-F1). Nitrogen and organic matter concentrations in soil of BS-F1 plot on October, 2001 were increased $4.8\%\;and\;5.9\%$, respectively, compared with those on October, 2000. The ranges of BNF rate in soybean were $69.1\~ 88.2\%$ in two years, and the rate was the highest in BS-F0 plot and the lowest in SM plot. The ranges of nitrogen harvest index (NHI) in all treatments were $83.9\~86.7\%$. The yield was 270 kg/10a in BS­F1 plot and 215 kg/10a in BS-F0 plot. However, the nitrogen balances were +0.6 kg/10a of gain of soil nitrogen in BS-F0 plot and -0.4 kg/10a of loss of soil nitrogen in BS-F1 plot. In comparisons of SM and BS-F1 plots, although the seed yields were similar in two plots, the loss of soil nitrogen was higher in SM than BS-F1 plot. Overall, our results suggest that barley-soybean double cropping system was more effective in respect to seed productivity and soil nitrogen conservation than soybean monocropping system, and the N credit to following crops by soybean cultivation was identified in soybean double cropping system.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.136-147
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• 2007

In an effort to identify possible microbes for seeking bioagents for remediation of herbicide-contaminated soils, seven species of phototrophic nonsulfur bacteria (Rhodobacter capsulatus and sphaeroides, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, blastica and viridis, Rhodomicrobium vannielii) were grown in the presence of the herbicide, butachlor, and bacterial growth rates and nitrogen fixation were measured with different carbon sources. Under general conditions, all species showed 17-53% reductions in growth rate following butachlor treatment. Under nitrogen-fixing conditions, Rb. capsulatus and Rs. rubrum showed 1-4% increases in the growth rates and 2-10% increases in nitrogen-fixing abilities, while the other 5 species showed decreases of 17-47% and 17-85%, respectively. The finding that Rp. acidophila, Rp. blastica, Rp. viridis and Rm. vannielii showed stronger inhibitions of nitrogenase activity seems to indicate that species in genera Rhodobacter and Rhodospirillum are less influenced by butachlor than those in Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodomicrobium in terms of nitrogen-fixing ability. Overall, nitrogenase activity was closely correlated with both growth rate and glutamine synthetase activity (representing nitrogen metabolism). When the carbon sources were compared, pyruvate (three carbons) was best for all species in terms of growth rate and nitrogen fixation, with malate (four carbons) showing intermediate values and ribose(five carbons) showing the lowest; these trends did not change in response to butachlor treatment. We verified that each of the 7 species had a plasmid ($12.2{\sim}23.5\;Kb$). We found that all 7 species could use butachlor as a sole carbon source and 3 species were controlled by plasmid-born genes, but it is doubtful whether plasmid-born genes were responsible to nitrogen fixation.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권spc호
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• pp.161-164
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• 2011

Nitrogen fixation by legumes can be valuable sources for organic farming. This study was to investigate the effect of different legume mixtures on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field. Three different mixtures were used (rye+hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass+crimson clover, oat+pea) in a randomized complete block design with three replications and sowed in pots with different sowing rate (5:5 rye:hairy vetch,7:3=Italian:crimson, 6:4=oat:pea) on early March. $(^{15}NH_4)SO_4$ solution at. 99.8 atom%$^{15}N$ was applied to the each pot at the rate of 2kg N $ha^{-1}$ on $16^{th}$ April. Forage were harvested at ground level in heading stage and separated into legume and grass. Total N content and $^{15}N$ value were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry. DM yield of rye+vetch, Italian+crimson and oat+pea were 6,607, 3,213 and 4,312kg/ha, respectively. Proportion of N from fixation was 0.73(rye+vetch), 0.42(Italian+crimson) and 0.93(oat+pea). The percentages of N transfer from legume to grass were from 61% to 24% in different method by treatments and -35% to 21% in isotope dilution method.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2001년도 추계 학술대회지
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• pp.152-153
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• 2001

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1339-1348
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• 2015

Until now, considerable effort has been made to engineer novel nitrogen-fixing organisms through the transfer of nif genes from various diazotrophs to non-nitrogen fixers; however, regulatory coupling of the heterologous nif genes with the regulatory system of the new host is still not well understood. In this work, a 49 kb nitrogen fixation island from P. stutzeri A1501 was transferred into E. coli using a novel and efficient transformation strategy, and a series of recombinant nitrogen-fixing E. coli strains were obtained. We found that the nitrogenase activity of the recombinant E. coli strain EN-01, similar to the parent strain P. stutzeri A1501, was dependent on external ammonia concentration, oxygen tension, and temperature. We further found that there existed a regulatory coupling between the E. coli general nitrogen regulatory system and the heterologous P. stutzeri nif island in the recombinant E. coli strain. We also provided evidence that the E. coli general nitrogen regulator GlnG protein was involved in the activation of the nif-specific regulator NifA via a direct interaction with the NifA promoter. To the best of our knowledge, this work plays a groundbreaking role in increasing understanding of the regulatory coupling of the heterologous nitrogen fixation system with the regulatory system of the recipient host. Furthermore, it will shed light on the structure and functional integrity of the nif island and will be useful for the construction of novel and more robust nitrogen-fixing organisms through biosynthetic engineering.

• 공업화학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.243-251
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• 2010

연소배가스에 존재하는 질소산화물의 제거를 위해서는 촉매 환원, 흡수, 흡착 등 화학적 기술이 적용되고 있는데, 장기적으로는 환경친화적이고 에너지 소모가 적은 생물학적 공정의 개발 및 이용이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 연소 배가스에 존재하는 질소산화물을 제거하기 위한 생물학적 공정의 기술동향을 살펴보고 각각의 장단점을 고찰하였다. 질산화와 탈질 기작을 이용하는 박테리아 시스템과 광합성 미세조류를 이용하는 시스템으로 구분하여 기술의 원리와 현재의 기술 수준을 논하였다. 두 경우 모두 처리속도를 높이기 위해서는 불용성의 일산화질소를 일단 적절한 흡수제에 고농도로 포집시킨 후 미생물에 의하여 분해 또는 고정하는 방향이 바람직하며, 배가스 중 $CO_2$와 NOx를 동시에 고정이 가능하고 별도의 탄소원이 요구되지 않는 미세조류의 활용이 기대된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.132-138
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• 1981

본 실험에서는 광합성세균(光合成細菌)의 검색(檢索)과 그 이용(利用)을 목적(目的)으로 우선 36개(個) 시료(試料)에서 광합성세균(光合成細菌)을 분리(分離)하고 그 세균(細菌)들의 성분(成分)과 질소(窒素) 고정력(固定力), 유기성(有機性) 폐수(廢水)의 정화능력(淨化能力)을 측정(測定)하였다. 일반적(一般的)으로 어느 시료(試料)나 광합성세균(光合成細菌)은 분포(分布)되어 있으며 분리(分離)된 균(菌)은 Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa, 와 Rhodospirillum rubrum의 4종(種)이었다 이들의 질소(窒素) 고정력(固定力)은 균주(菌株)에 따라 다르고 R. capsulatus H-1가 가장 강(强)했다. 또한 유기성(有機性) 폐수(廢水)의 정화능력(淨化能力)은 폐수(廢水)와 균주(菌株)에 따라 다르게 나타났으나 일반적으로 상당(相當)히 강(强)한 정화능(淨化能)을 보여주고 있다.