• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 2013

본 연구는 식초절임 무의 HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)시스템 구축을 위하여 생물학적 위해요소분석을 위한 목적으로 2012년 2월 1일~6월 31일까지 약 150일 동안 수행하였다. 일반적인 식초절임 무 제조업체의 제조공정을 참고로 하여 공정도를 작성하였으며, 식초절임 무의 원료 농산물(무), 용수, 첨가물과 포장재료에 입고, 보관, 정선, 세척, 표피제거, 절단, 선별, 충진, 내포장, 금속검출, 외포장, 보관 및 출하공정에 대하여 작성하였다. 원료 무의 세척 전, 세척 후의 Coliform group, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria Monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Clostridium perfringens, Yeast 와 Mold를 측정한 결과 Bacillus cereus는 세척 전 $5.00{\times}10$ CFU/g이었으나, 세척 후 검출되지 않았으며, Yeast 와 Mold 는 세척 전 $3.80{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, 세척 후 10 CFU/g로 감소되었으며 나머지 병원성균은 검출되지 않았다. 조미액의 pH(2~5)별 미생물의 변화를 시험한 결과 모든 균이 검출되지 않은 pH 3~4를 조미액의 pH로 결정하였다. 작업장별 공중낙하균 (일반세균수, 대장균, 진균수) 시험결과 내포장실, 조미액가공실, 세척실, 보관실의 미생물수는 10 CFU/Plate, 2 CFU/Plate, 60 CFU/Plate 그리고 20 CFU/Plate 가 검출되었다. 종사자 손바닥 시험결과 일반세균수 346 $CFU/Cm^2$, 대장균군 23 $CFU/Cm^2$로 높게 나타나 개인위생관리에 대한 교육 및 훈련이 요구 되었다. 제조설비 및 기구의 표면오염도를 검사한 결과 모든 시료에서 대장균군은 검출되지 않았고, 일반세균은 PP Packing machin과 Siuping machine (PE Bulk)에서 가장 많은 $4.2{\times}10^3CFU/Cm^2$, $2.6{\times}10^3CFU/Cm^2$ 검출되었다. 위의 위해분석 결과 병원성미생물을 예방, 감소 또는 제거할 수 있는 조미액 가공 공정이 CCP-B (Biological)로 관리되어야 하고, 한계기준은 pH 3~4로 결정하였다. 따라서 전통한과생산에의 HACCP 모델 적용을 위한 미생물학적 위해도 평가에서와 같이 조미액 가공 공정의 관리기준 및 이탈시 조치방법, 검증방법, 교육 훈련과 기록관리 등 철저한 HACCP 관리계획이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.427-439
• /
• 2021

Objectives: This study aims to investigate differences in microbial contamination according to the duration and environment of mask wearing. Methods: Forty-five participants were recruited from workers in an offices, multi-purpose facilities, and a schools. After wearing of KF94 mask for two. four, and six hours, the microorganisms adsorbed on the outer and inner layers of the mask were inoculated on BAP(Blood Agar Plate), Chocolate agar, and SDA plates. The bacterial count (CFUs: colony-forming units) cultured in each plate was measured and analyzed for changes in filtration efficiency. Results: The microbial contamination of masks worn in classrooms, offices, and multi-purpose facilities showed a significant difference depending on the environment (p<0.000). The measured CFUs increased significantly according to the time wearing the mask. The difference between the inner and outer layers of the mask was also significant (p<0.05). However, there was no statistical difference in the filtration efficiency of the masks by duration time (p=0.515). Conclusions: Masks worn by workers in the offices, multi-purpose facilities, and schools showed an increase of microbial contamination with the amount of time wearing the mask. The results indicate that the masks used in daily life may have adverse health effects if they are worn for a long time or reused over several days without the realizing that the masks can be contaminated with biological hazards. Guidelines on the safe threshold time for mask use should be established through further research.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.35-41
• /
• 2007

최근 친환경 농산물에 대한 소비자의 관심이 높아짐에 따라서 이들 친환경 농산물의 안전성에 대한 검증 요구가 증대되고 있다. 본 연구는 26종의 엽채류 및 4종의 과채류를 대상으로,재배유형(재래농법 및 유기농법)및 유통 경로 (대형마트 및 유기농전문점)에 따른 세균 및 기생충의 오염을 선택 감별배지, 자동 세균 동정 시스템, 현미경 관찰로 조사하였다. 수세하지 않은 농산물에 부착한 세균 집락 수는 농산물 균질액 1 mL(농산물 0.1 g) 당 $5.2{\times}10^{3}{\sim}1.5{\times}10^{5}\;CFU/mL$ 범위였으나, 흐르는 물로 2회 수세시 농산물에 부착되어 있는 세균 수가 $8{\sim}60$배(평균 25배) 감소하였다. 유기농법 농가에서 구입한 농산물을 2회 수세한 후 조사한 세균 집락 수는 $6.0{\times}10^{2}{\sim}2.1{\times}10^{4}\;CFU/mL$ 범위로, 재래농법 농가에서 생산한 농산물과 유사한 수의 세균 집락을 형성하였다. 또한 유통 경로별로 분석시, 대형마트에서 구입한 농산물의 세균 집락 수($1.4{\times}10^{2}{\sim}8.3{\times}10^{3}\;CFU/mL$)는 유기농 전문매장에서 구입한 농산물의 세균 집락 수와 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 조사한 농산물중 배추, 치콘, 치커리, 케일 등에서 상대적으로 많은 수의 세균이 검출되었으며, 가장 흔히 발견되는 세균 종은 Enterobacter cloacae이었다. 재래농법 농가에서 구입한 치콘, 쌈추에서 기생충이 발견되었으나, 유기농법 농가에서 구입한 농산물에서는 발견되지 않았다. 또한 대형 마트 및 유기농 전문상점에서 구입한 일부 농산물에서 기생충이 발견되었으며, 특히 배추 및 대파에서 높은 빈도로 검출되었다. 이상의 결과로보아, 엽채류 및 과채류의 세균 및 기생충의 오염도정도는 재배유형 및 유통경로에 따른 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 조사한 일부 농산물은 식품의 일반 기준 이상의 세균 및 기생충이 검출되어 생물학적 오염 방지를 위한 위생적인 생산 및 관리 대책이 요구된다.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.10-18
• /
• 2017

Occupational hazards of firefighting and rescue works include frequent exposure to emergencies and life-threatening situations. These stressful work conditions of being constantly under pressure and exposed to potentially traumatic events put them at higher risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), compared to the general population. PTSD is a potentially debilitating mental disorder, due to persistent intrusive thoughts, negative alterations of mood and cognition, hypervigilance, avoidance of similar situations and reminders, and re-experiences of the traumatic event. Previous studies have shown a relatively high prevalence of PTSD among firefighters, indicating the need for a systematic approach of early detection and prevention. Therefore, a critical review of the current literature on PTSD in firefighters would provide valuable insights into developing effective prevention and intervention programs. Literature indicated that there are risk factors of PTSD in firefighters, such as pre-existing depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, occupational stress, physical symptoms, and binge drinking, whereas social support and adequate rewards are protective factors. Although there are differences in the prevalence of PTSD across studies, partly due to various assessment tools utilized, different sample sizes, and sample characteristics, over one tenth of the firefighters were estimated to have PTSD. The current review warrants further investigations to precisely assess PTSD and co-morbid mental disorders, functional outcomes, and associated factors, and to develop evidence-based preventive and interventional programs to help firefighters with PTSD.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.300-309
• /
• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate microbial exposure hazards in the metal-working fluids(MWF) handling industry. Methods: Air quality parameters(airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and oil mist) and bulk MWF in storage tanks were evaluated at 54 points at nine sites in South Korea. Results: The geometric means(GM) of culturable airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and oil mist concentration were $133CFU/m^3$(n=376, range $7{\sim}6,510CFU/m^3$), $159CFU/m^3$(n=381, range $7{\sim}8,469CFU/m^3$), $8.06EU/m^3$(n=103, range $0.34{\sim}280.4EU/m^3$) and $0.20mg/m^3$(n=104, range $0.01{\sim}2.87mg/m^3$), respectively. The ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration was 2.7 for bacteria, 6.1 for endotoxin, and 4.8 for oil mist. Even though average airborne bacteria concentration did not exceed recommended exposure limits($1,000CFU/m^3$), MWF in the storage tanks was highly contaminated with bacteria(arithmetic mean $2.1{\times}10^6CFU/ml$) and exceeded recommended bacteria limits($10^5CFU/ml$). Conclusions: It is necessary for MWF handling workplaces to conduct periodical biohazard inspection of MWF storage tanks. Additionally, further research may be necessary to establish biological occupational exposure limits.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.87-96
• /
• 2011

In 1967, the problem of occupational lead exposure came to public attention in Korea. Since then, regular progress has been made in lowering workplace lead exposures, instituting new workplace controls, and implementing health examinations of exposed workers. Past serious lead poisoning episodes made it possible to introduce biological monitoring programs on a voluntary basis in high-lead-exposure facilities in Korea. Industry-specific occupational health services for lead workers in Korea during the last 22 years can be categorized into three phases. During the first phase (1988-1993), efforts were directed at increasing awareness among workers about the hazards of lead exposure, biological monitoring of blood zinc protoporphyrin began, and a respiratory protection program was introduced. During the second phase (1994-1997), a computerized health management system for lead workers was developed, blood-lead measurement was added to biologic monitoring, and engineering controls were introduced in the workplace to lower air-lead levels to comply with air-lead regulations. Finally, during the third phase (1998-present), a new biomarker, bone-lead measurement by X-ray fluorescence, was introduced. Bone-lead measurement proved to be useful for assessing body burden and to demonstrate past lead exposure in retired workers. Occupational health service practice for lead workers, including the industry-specific group occupational health system, has brought considerable success in the prevention of lead poisoning and in reducing the lead burden in Korean lead workers during the last several decades. The successful achievement of prevention of lead poisoning in Korea was a result of the combined efforts of lead workers, employers, relevant government agencies, and academic institutes.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.73-85
• /
• 2023

Purpose: This study focused on identifying the interaction effects of genetic and lifestyle-environmental factors on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Methods: Study subjects were selected from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) from 2001 to 2014. Data on genetic variations, anthropometric measurements, biochemical data, and seven lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, alcohol drinking, smoking, sleep, depression, and stress) were obtained from 4,836 Koreans aged between 40 and 59 years, including those with T2D at baseline (n = 1,209), newly developed T2D (n= 1,298) and verified controls (n = 3,538). The genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated by using 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to T2D development and the second quartile was used as the reference category. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the associations of GRS and lifestyle factors with T2D risk, controlling for covariates. Results: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that GRS was the strongest risk factor for T2D, and body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, and spicy food preference also increased the risk. Lifestyle/environmental factors that showed significant interactions with GRS were BMI, current smoking, current drinking, fatty food preference, and spicy food preference. Conclusions: Interactions between genetic factors and lifestyle/environmental factors were associated with an increased risk of T2D. The results will be useful to provide a new perspective on genetic profiling for the earlier detection of T2D risk and clues for personalized interventions, which might be more effective prevention strategies or therapies in individuals with a genetic predisposition to T2D.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.391-401
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between exposure level to pyrethroid pesticide and wearing of protective equipment in 194 Chung-nam orchard male farmers. The urinary metabolites of pyrethroid pesticides, including Cis, Trans, DBCA, and 3-PBA, were analyzed by GC/MSD. As a result of this study, the detection rate and exposure level of 3-PBA was the highest among pyrethroid metabolites discovered by orchard farmers. As a result of analyzing the actual conditions of wearing protective equipment by the subjects of this study, the rate of agricultural farmers who wore four pieces of protective equipment compared to agricultural farmers wearing a single piece of protective clothing was as high as 35.1%. Pyrethroid exposure levels were low when farmers wore more personal protective equipment (PPE). In conclusion, training with regards to pesticide hazards and protective equipment for farmers who spray pesticides will help reduce pesticide exposure levels.

• 한국포장학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 2007

The production, distribution, and consumption of Korean medicinal herbs have increased every year because of an increase of health considerations. But there are no sufficient standardization procedures in packaging and distribution systems related to these herb products. The standardization of packaging material and dimension could be a good addition for establishing proper quality control methods for Korean medicinal herbs. Medicinal herbs deteriorate under physical, chemical and biological hazards such as oxidation, textural change under high moisture content, color change by light, sanitation problems by insect invasion and contamination. Packaging standardization with proper functional packaging materials is critical to ensure the qualities of medicinal herbs. Also, storage and distribution efficiencies can be improved by achieving packaging dimension standardization. This review summarizes recent research trends related to quality evaluation methods and major quality deterioration factors of Korean medicinal herbs. This paper also offers reviews on some of problems and challenges in current packaging and distribution systems of medicinal herb industries and briefly suggests advanced quality control methods through packaging standardization.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.175-183
• /
• 2014

In spite of international efforts to control nuclear weapons and chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) weapons, North Korea obtains and sells CBR weapons illegally. As a result, the worldwide threat of CBR weapons is increasing. Unfortunately, civil defense education and training for CBR weapons have not been adopted for real situations because of the long period of absence of an actual combat. In this study, virtual training scenarios that are applied to the simulation were made in 5 steps to cope with CBR situations. These scenarios are expected to have three effects. First, trainings can be improved with experience and education. Second, the problems and health hazards of CBR weapons and supplies can be solved with CBR virtual training simulation experience. Finally, corresponding effects can be recognized and predicted in real situations through roles and mission procedures of simulation scenario.