• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.751-771
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• 2011

Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound (BVOC) emissions are estimated with BEIS3.12 (Biogenic Emissions Inventory System version 3.12) over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) and then used in CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) simulations for two high ozone episodes in 2004 and 2007 June. The first- and second-order sensitivity coefficients of ozone to BVOC emissions are estimated with High-order Decoupled Direct Method (HDDM) simulation in order to estimate the influence of BVOC emissions on ozone using the Zero-Out Contribution (ZOC) approach. ZOC analysis shows that relative contribution of BVOC emissions on daily maximum 1-hr ozone is as high as 30% for high ozone days above 100 ppb. However simulated isoprene concentrations were over-estimated by a factor of 2 when compared to the observations at the PAMS (Photochemical Air Monitoring Station) for the 2007 episode. When assumed that actual BVOC emissions are 50% less than estimated, the ZOC of BVOC emissions on daily maximum ozone drops by more than 10 ppb for the episode. The result indicates that uncertainty in BVOC emissions may have significant impact on high ozone prediction in the SMA.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 1999

Biogenic source emissions refer to naturally occuring emissions from vegetation, microbial activities in soil, lightening, and so on. Vegetation is especially known to emit a considerable amout of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. Therefore, biogenic source emissions are an important input to photochemical air quality models. since most biogenic source emissions are calculated at the county-level, they should be geographically allocated to the computational grid cells of a photochemical air quality model prior to running the model. The traditional method for the spatial allocation for biogenic source emissions has been to use a "spatial surrogate indicator" such as a county area. In order to examine the applicability of such approximations, this study developed more detailed surrogate indicators to improve the spatial allocation method for biogenic source emissions. Due to the spatially variable nature of biogenic source emissions, Geographic Information Systems(GIS) were introduced as new tools to develop more detailed spatial surrogate indicators. Use of these newly developed spatial surrogate indicators for biogenic source emission allocation provides a better resolution than the standard spatial surrogate indicator.indicator.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.246-254
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• 2015

From 2013 to 2014, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed to determine biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) at eight sites in Mt. Mudeung and one site in downtown, by using a GC/Mass-ATD (automatic thermal desorber). The concentration of terpene noted as biogenic volatile organic compounds at Pungamjeong (PA), in a forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa, was 821 pptv, which was the highest among the eight sites. This value was followed by Wonhyogyegok (WH: 785 pptv), Norritzae (NZ, coniferous forest: 679 pptv), Dongjeokgol (DJ, mixed species forest: 513 pptv), Jangbuljae (JB, Abies koreana: 476 pptv), and Seinbongsamgerri (SS, pine trees: 464 pptv). 11~15 species of terpene was detected in the forest depending on the site. At PA in May, α-pinene showed the highest value, occupied 20% of terpene followed by coumarin, sabinene, phellandrene, myrcene, borneol, eucalyptol, β-pinene, cymene, δ-limonene, γ-terpinene, camphor, camphene, and mentol in the order. The mean concentrations of AVOCs were 0.74~2.52 ppbv in the forests and 3.14 ppbv in the downtown area. From May to July, the AVOCs ratios of the downtown to each forest were 1.9~4.0. Among 10 species of AVOCs, the sum of toluene and benzene was 2.34 ppbv and occupied 75%. In June, the ratios of toluene were 44.1% at DJ site and 53.1% at JW site (downtown). The BVOCs showed a positive correlation with the AVOCs at the forest sites (r = 0.328), which was statistically insignificant (p = 0.184).

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2017

Ozone concentration in Tokyo Metropolitan area is one of the most serious issues of the local air quality. Tropospheric ozone is formed by radical reaction including volatile organic compound (VOC) and nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$). Reduction of the emission of reactive VOC is a key to reducing ozone concentrations. VOC is emitted from anthropogenic sources and also from vegetation (biogenic VOC or BVOC). BVOC also forms ozone through $NO_x$ and radical reactions. Especially, in urban area, the BVOC is emitted into the atmosphere with high $NO_x$ concentration. Therefore, trees bordering streets and green spaces in urban area may contribute to tropospheric ozone. On the other hand, not all trees emit BVOC which will produce ozone locally. In this study, BVOC emissions have been investigated (terpenoids: isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes) for 29 tree species. Eleven in the 29 species were tree species that did not emit BVOCs. Three in 12 cultivars for future planting (25 %) were found to emit no terpenoid BVOCs. Eight in 17 commonly planted trees (47%) were found to emit no terpenoid BVOC. Lower-emitting species have many advantages for urban planting. Therefore, further investigation is required to find the species which do not emit terpenoid BVOC. Emission of reactive BVOC should be added into guideline for the urban planting to prevent the creation of sources of ozone. It is desirable that species with no reactive BVOC emission are planted along urban streets and green areas in urban areas, such as Tokyo.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.490-501
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• 2022

In this study, the isoprene and terpene emissions from 32 major urban tree species were investigated. We conducted sampling using a dynamic enclosure system between June and July 2021. Seedlings aged < three years were enclosed in a chamber consisting of a 400 L transparent Tedlar bag. The air flow from the outlet of the chamber was sampled using Tenax-filled sorbent tubes under standard conditions (temperature: 30°C; PAR: 1,000 μmol/m²/sec). A thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system was used to analyze the following 38 biogenic volatile organic compounds: isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Isoprene emitters included Quercus mongolica, Salix koreensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Salix chaenomeloides. Monoterpene emitters included Pinus strobus, Cedrela sinensis, and Cercis chinensis. The monoterpene emission profiles were dominated by á-pinene, myrcene, camphene, and limonene. The predominant oxygenated monoterpene and oxygenated sesquiterpene were eucalyptol and caryophyllene oxide, respectively. For all species, the contributions of sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were relatively low.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 2006

In this study, a fundamental work for developing a biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds(BVOC) emission model in Korea has been carried out. Two different approaches, Biogenic Emission Inventory System(BEIS2) and CORINAIR Methodology(CORINAIR) were compared for estimating BVOC emissions. It was found that BEIS and CORINAIR showed very similar results each other BVOC emissions estimated by two different methods were about the same on a national and regional(provincial) scale. In case of monthly emissions the difference between BEIS and CORINAIR were larger than those on a national and regional(provincial) scale, especially in summer season(June, July and August). Although BEIS and CORINAIR are quite different techniques to correct the environmental conditions, they revealed similar results. Therefore, it is proven that both the methods are able to be applied to the estimation of the BVOC emissions in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2012

In this study, emission rates (ER) of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were measured by varying levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). An appropriate plan for ozone reduction according to increasing ecology area ratio in future metropolitan areas was suggested. Several trees were selected as representative tree species in urban areas. Emission rates and composition ratios of monoterpene and isoprene emitted from these trees were estimated and compared. As a result, it was found that emission rates of BVOCs were considerably different depending on tree species. Especially, BVOCs emitted from Platanus orientalis and Quercus mongolica could significantly affect ozone increase in the metropolitan area, because the emission rates were several thousands to ten thousand times higher than those emitted from Zelkova serrata and Prunus serrulata. Furthermore, it was observed that emission rates of BVOCs by species increased maximum up to 10 times when PAR, which has close relations with temperature, rose. It was concluded that tree species such as Zelkova serrata et al., was appropriate for metropolitan areas since the species has low ozone potential and good landscape. Suppose this type of trees are planted on purpose in the urban areas, better ambient air quality will be promised in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2002

A field study was conducted to estimate the emission rate of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from pine trees. In addition, the influences of meteological variables on their distribution characteristics have been investigated. A vegetation enclosure chamber was designed and constructed of Tedlar bag and acril. Sorbent tubes made up of Tenax TA and Carbotrap were used to collect biogenic VOCs emitted from each individual tree. Analysis of BVOCs was performed using a GC-FID system. The fundamental analytical parameters including linearity, retention time, recovery efficiency, and breakthrough volume were examined and verified for the determination of monoterpene emission rates. Total average concentration of each component is found to be $\alpha$-pinene (16.5), $\beta$-pinene (4.61) from pine trees, and $\alpha$-pinene (42.4), $\beta$-pinene (18.7 ng(gdw)$^{-1}$ hr$^{-1}$ ) from Korean pine trees. On the basis of our study, $\alpha$-pinene was found to be the major monoterpene emitted from both pine and Korean pine trees which were accompanied by $\beta$-pinene, camphene, and limonene. In ambient air, variable monoterpene compositions of emissions from pine trees were similar to Korean pine trees. Emission rates of monoterpene from each tree were found to depend on such parameters as temperature and solar radiation.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.300-312
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• 2017

To improve the understanding of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photo-oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors at the regional background station on Baengnyeong Island, Korea, gas phase and aerosol chemistries were investigated using the Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) and the Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively. HR-ToF-AMS measured fine particles ($PM_1$; diameter of particle matter less than $1{\mu}m$) at a 6-minute time resolution from February to November 2012, while PTR-ToF-MS was deployed during an intensive period from September 21 to 29, 2012. The one-minute time-resolution and high mass resolution (up to $4000m{\Delta}m^{-1}$) data from the PTR-ToF-MS provided the basis for calculations of the concentrations of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs). The dominant BVOCs from the site are isoprene (0.23 ppb), dimethyl sulphide (DMS, 0.20 ppb), and monoterpenes (0.38 ppb). Toluene (0.45 ppb) and benzene (0.32 ppb) accounted for the majority of anthropogenic VOCs (AVOCs). OVOCs including acetone (3.98 ppb), acetaldehyde (2.67 ppb), acetic acid (1.68 ppb), and formic acid (2.24 ppb) were measured. The OVOCs comprise approximately 75% of total measured VOCs, suggesting the occurrence of strong oxidation processes and/or long-range transported at the site. A strong photochemical aging and oxidation of the atmospheric pollutants were also observed in aerosol measured by HR-ToF-AMS, whereby a high $f_{44}:f_{43}$ value is shown for organic aerosols (OAs); however, relatively low $f_{44}:f_{43}$ values were observed when high concentrations of BVOCs and AVOCs were available, providing evidence of the formation of SOA from VOC precursors at the site. Overall, the results of this study revealed several different SOA formation mechanisms, and new particle formation and particle growth events were identified using the powerful tools scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), PTR-ToF-MS, and HR-ToF-AMS.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1226-1231
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• 2011

The biogenic emission of the atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the forests is dominated by monoterpenes. This study investigated the changes in the concentration of monoterpenes distributed in various types of forest near the Gangwon Nature Environment Research Park, Hongcheon, Gangwon Province, Korea. Samples were collected from the three sites of different types of forest, including coniferous, broad-leaved and mixed forests. Additionally, the seasonal and daily changes of monoterpene compounds were monitored. Our results found the several types of monoterpene such as ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, camphene, d-limonene, p-cymene and ${\alpha}$-terpinene. The highest total concentration of terpene compounds was observed in the coniferous forest. For the summer season, the total concentration of terpene compounds was highest in coniferous and mixed forests, and that was also highest in broad-leaved forest for the autumn.