• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.377-389
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• 2018

In this study, a novel microalgal strain, Desmodesmus sp. KAERI-NJ5, was isolated, identified, and evaluated as a candidate for biodiesel feedstock. In a preliminary study, the effects of four general microalgal growth factors, including temperature, pH, light intensity, and concentration of nitrogen source ($KNO_3$), on the microalgal photoautotrophic growth were evaluated. With the exception of light intensity, the growth factors needed to be optimized for the microalgal biomass production. Optimization was done using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for biomass production were pH 6.54, $27.66^{\circ}C$, and 0.52 g/l $KNO_3$. The biomass production at the optimal conditions was 1.55 g/l, which correlated well with the predicted value of 1.5 g/l. The total lipid and fatty acid methyl ester contents of the cells grown at the optimal conditions were 49% and 21.2% of cell dry weight, respectively. To increase the lipid content of the biomass, microalgae were challenged by nitrogen starvation. Enhancement of total lipid and fatty acid content up to 52.02% and 49%, respectively, were observed. Lipid analysis of the nitrogen-starved cells revealed that C16 and C18 species accounted for 95.9% of the total fatty acids. Among them, palmitic acid (46.17%) and oleic acid (39.43%) dominantly constituted the algal fatty acids. These results suggest Desmodesmus sp. KAERI-NJ5 as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.324-332
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• 2019

한국과 인도네시아를 포함한 대부분의 국가는 온실가스 감축을 위해 바이오디젤 같은 바이오연료 보급에 대한 강력한 정책을 추진하고 있다. 하지만, 바이오디젤 보급 확대를 위해서는 원료 부족 문제를 먼저 해결해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 원료 공급 안정성을 개선하고 바이오디젤 생산 가격을 낮추기 위해 비식용이면서 동시에 단위면적당 생산성이 높은 인도네시아 열대작물(R. Trisperma) 오일의 바이오디젤 생산 가능성을 조사하였다. 수확기간이 다른 두 종류의 오일은 많은 불순물과 높은 유리지방산 함량을 가지고 있어 효율적인 바이오디젤 생산을 위해, 에스테르화 반응과 전이에스테르화 반응을 실시하였다. 오일은 반응을 진행하기 앞서 여과와 수분제거 과정을 통해 반응의 효율을 높이고자 하였다. 에스테르화 반응은 불균질계 산 촉매인 Amberlyst-15를 사용하였으며, 반응 전 오일들의 산가는 각각 41, 17 mg KOH / g이었으나, 에스테르화 반응 후 3.7, 1.8 mg KOH/g으로 약 90% 이상의 전환율을 보이며 유리지방산 함량을 2%이하로 감소시켰다. 이후 전이에스테르화 반응은 KOH를 염기 촉매로 사용하여 바이오디젤 합성 실험을 진행하였다. 생성된 바이오디젤은 약 93%의 FAME 함량을 나타냈으며, 총 글리세롤의 함량은 0.43%으로 제품 규격(FAME 96.5%, 총 글리세롤 0.24%)에는 미달되었다. 이는 지방산 조성 분석 결과 일반적으로 관찰되지 않는 특이 지방산인 ${\alpha}$-Eleostearic acid가 10.7~33.4% 포함되어 나타나는 특성으로 판단되며, 추가 반응 최적화 및 분리정제 연구 진행으로 연료품질 규격 달성이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 기존에 활용되지 못하던 비식용 원료로부터 바이오디젤 생산 기술을 확보할 경우 바이오디젤 보급 확대를 위한 안정적 원료 공급에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.541-543
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• 2006

The feasibility of biodiesel production from soapstock by acid catalyst was tested. The water content of soapstock was more than 40%. Before the esterification of soapstock, the pre-treatment of soapstock was conducted adding potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The pre-treated soapstock contained 99.6wt% of free fatty acid. When the free fatty acid was esterified with methanol, the fatty acid methyl ester content became 91.7wt% under the solid acid catalyst, Amberlyst-15. When this biodiesel was distilled the methyl ester content was 98.1wt% which satisfied the biodiesel Standard. Amberlyst-15 could be recovered easily because it was the soliid catalyst. When sulfuric acid was used as the acid catalyst, the fatty acid methyl ester content was 91.0wt%. From the results, it was possible to produce biodiesel efficiently from soapstock after pre-treatment. Because soapstock is very cheap, it will become good feedstock for biodiesel product ion.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2009

Non-edible vegetable oils instead of edible vegetable oils as a substitute for diesel fuel are getting a renewed attention because of global reduction of green house gases and concerns for long-term food and energy security. Out of various non-edible vegetable oils, karanja, mahua, linseed, rubber seed and cotton seed oils are selected in this study. A brief review of recent works related to the application of the above five vegetable oils and its derivatives in CI engines is presented. The production technologies of biodiesel based on non-edible vegetable oils are introduced. Problems in vegetable oil or biodiesel fuelled CI engine are included. In addition, future works related to spray characteristics of non-edible vegetable oil or biodiesel from it are discussed. The biodiesel fuel, irrespective of the feedstock used, results in a decrease in the emission of hydrocardon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxide ($SO_2$). It is also said to be carbon neutral as it contributes no net carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Only oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are reported to increase which is due to oxygen content in the biodiesel fuel. The systematic assessment of spray char-acteristics of neat vegetable oils and its blends, neat biodiesel and its blends f3r use as diesel engine fuels is required.

• 공업화학
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.222-228
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• 2022

As a possible feedstock for biodiesel, the marine green alga Tetraselmis sp. was cultivated under different conditions of phototrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. Glycerol, a byproduct from biodiesel production process, was used as the carbon source of mixotrophic and heterotrophic culture. The effects of glycerol supply and nitrate-repletion were compared for different trophic conditions. Mixotrophic cultivation exhibited higher biomass productivity than that of phototrophic and heterotrophic cultivation. Maximum lipid productivity of 55.5 mg L^-1 d^-1 was obtained in the mixotrophic culture with 5 g L^-1 of glycerol and 8.8 mM of nitrate due to the enhancement of both biomass and lipid accumulation. The major fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the produced biodiesel were palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3). The degree of unsaturation was affected by different culture conditions. The biodiesel properties predicted by correlation equations based on the FAME profiles mostly complied with the specifications from the US, Europe and Korea, with the exception of the cold-filter plugging point (CFPP) criterion of Korea.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2015

A novel process has successfully been developed by overcoming major difficulties through the elimination of number of process steps involved in the Classical Transesterification reaction during the preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl/Ethyl Ester (FAME.FAEE) called biodiesel. The Classical process with cost intensive process steps such as the utilization of excess alcohol, needing downstream distillation for the recovery and reutilization of excess alcohol/cosolvent, unrecoverable homogenous catalyst which consumes vast quantity of fresh distilled water during the purification of the product and downstream waste water treatment before its safe disposal to the surface water body. The Novel Process FAME/FAEE is produced from any vegetable oil irrespective of edible or inedible variety using sonication energy. The novelty of the finding is the use of only theoretical quantity of alcohol along with a co-solvent and reduced quantity of homogeneous catalyst. Under this condition neither the homogeneous catalyst goes to the FAME layer nor is the distillation needed. The same ester also has been prepared in high pressure high temperature reactor without using catalyst at sub critical temperature. The quality of prepared biodiesel without involving any purification step meets the ASTM standards. Blended Biodiesel with Common Diesel Fuel (CDF) and FAME is prepared, characterized and used as fuel in the Kirloskar make CI Engines. The evaluation of the engine performance result of pure CDF, B05 biodiesel, B10 biodiesel of all types of biodiesel prepared by using the feedstock of Soybean (Glycine max) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnate) oil along with their mixed oil provides useful information such as brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, etc, and established it as ideal fuel for unmodified CI engine.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.2-10
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• 2023

The current mandatory domestic biodiesel blending ratio is 3.5%, which is planned to be gradually increased to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The aim of this study was to improve domestic self-sufficiency in biodiesel raw oil by conducting a technical review on the possibility of utilizing waste oils, such as soup oil, chicken oil, and leather oil, as biodiesel feedstocks. These waste oils have an acid value that is too high to be converted directly into biodiesel. Therefore, a pretreatment to reduce the acid value is necessary. The neutralization process was examined as a potential technology for reducing the acid value. The oil recovery rate of the soup oil after neutralization was significantly low at 37.6 wt%. The oil recovery rates of leather oil and chicken oil were 66.49 wt% and 79.08 wt%, respectively. Based on biodiesel conversion experiment using waste oil with a reduced acid value, the conversions were analyzed as 89 wt%, 91.1 wt%, and 90.5 wt% for soup oil, leather oil, and chicken oil, respectively. Thus, it is technically possible to use soup oil, leather oil, and chicken oil as raw materials for producing biodiesel.

• 공업화학
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.401-406
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• 2007

본 총설에서는 국내 바이오디젤 생산과 소비, 품질기준 및 시장현황 등에 대해 살펴보았다. 국내에서 생산되는 바이오디젤의 원료물질은 대부분 대두유와 폐식용유이고 바이오디젤 생산 업체 중 원료물질 다변화를 위한 시도들이 진행되고 있다. 농림부에서도 바이오디젤 국내 생산을 위해 2007년부터 3년간 바이오디젤용 유채생산 시범사업을 추진하고 있다. 2006년 7월 이래로 산업자원부와 정유사간 자발적 협약에 의해 현재 시중에 유통되고 있는 경유는 BD0.5이며, 2007년과 2008년에 158400 MT이 공급될 것으로 예상된다. 산업자원부에서 바이오디젤 보급 확대를 위해 2012년까지 경유에 혼합되는 바이오디젤을 매년 0.5%씩 확대하여 3%까지 늘리겠다는 계획을 발표하였으며, 앞으로 바이오디젤의 보급이 크게 확대될 것으로 전망된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

미세조류는 바이오연료 생산을 위한 가장 지속가능하고 장래성이 좋은 생산 원료로 여겨지고 있다. 하지만 최근의 몇몇 전과정평가 연구에 의하면 미세조류 바이오디젤 생산, 특히 배양 단계에 많은 에너지가 소요된다는 단점이 있다. 유기탄소, 질소 및 인과 같은 영양분, 그리고 배양에 필요한 용수 비용이 전체 배양 단계의 80%까지 이를 수 있다. 본 총설에서는 최근 미세조류 배양에 필요한 인공배지의 대체용으로 사용 가능성이 높은 하폐수, 유기비료 연소배가스, 유기성 폐기물 등에 대한 최근의 활용 경향과 사용 전략에 대하여 문한 조사를 통해 요약 및 고찰하였다.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2011

The non-edible plant Jatropha curcas L. is one of the most promising feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production as it is not a source of edible vegetable oils, produces high amounts of oil (approx. 30-60% in dry seeds) and does not require high-cost maintenance. However, as with other undomesticated crops, the cultivation of J. curcas presents several drawbacks, such as low productivity and susceptibility to pests. Hence, varietal improvement by genetic engineering is essential if J. curcas is to become a viable alternative source of biodiesel. There is to date no well-established and efficient transformation system for J. curcas. In this study, we tested various physical wounding treatments, such as sonication and sand-vortexing, with the aim of developing an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for J. curcas. The highest stable transformation rate (53%) was achieved when explants were subjected to 1 min of sonication followed by 9 min of shaking in Agrobacterium suspension. The transformation frequency achieved using this protocol is the highest yet reported for J. curcas.