• 제목/요약/키워드: bio degradation

검색결과 298건 처리시간 0.03초

은행나무 종자 추출물의 미백효능 분석 (The Analysis of Whitening Effects on Extracts from Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) Seeds)

  • 최은영;장영아
    • 한국응용과학기술학회지
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    • 제38권5호
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    • pp.1229-1240
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    • 2021
  • 은행나무 종자인 백과를 70% 에탄올로 추출하여 미백 효능을 규명하고 화장품 소재로서의 응용 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 백과 에탄올추출물 (GBE)을 B16F10 melanoma cells에 처치하여 멜라닌 생성과 tyrosinase 활성을 확인한 결과 유의한 수준의 멜라닌 생성 저해가 관찰되었고, 멜라닌 생성과정에 관여하는 주요 효소인 tyrosinase의 활성이 농도 의존적으로 억제됨이 관찰되었다. 멜라닌 생성 관련 주요 인자들의 단백질 발현과 mRNA 수준을 관찰한 결과, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, -2 (TRP-1, -2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)의 단백질 발현과 유전자 수준이 GBE의 처리에 의해 유의한 수준으로 저해되었다. 이 결과를 통해, 본 연구의 백과 에탄올추출물은 멜라닌 세포의 멜라닌 생성 관련 핵심 전사인자인 MITF의 조절을 통해 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 나타내는 것으로 보인다. 이에 따라 백과 에탄올추출물을 화장품 미백 기능성 소재로 활용 가능성이 있을 것으로 기대된다.

매립지 메탄 및 악취 배출 저감을 위한 바이오커버 및 바이오필터의 현장적용 평가 연구 (Evaluation of field application of biocover and biofilter to reduce landfill methane and odor emissions)

  • 채정석;전준민;오경철;류희욱;조경숙;김신도
    • 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.139-149
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    • 2017
  • In order to reduce odor and methane emission from the landfill, open biocovers and a closed biofilter were applied to the landfill site. Three biocovers and the biofilter are suitable for relatively small-sized landfills with facilities that cannot resource methane into recovery due to small volumes of methane emission. Biocover-1 consists only of the soil of the landfill site while biocover-2 is mixed with the earthworm casts and artificial soil (perlite). The biofilter formed a bio-layer by adding mixed food waste compost as packing material of biocover-2. The removal efficiency decreased over time on biocover-1. However, biocover-2 and the biofilter showed stable odor removal efficiency. The rates of methane removal efficiency were in order of biofilter (94.9%)>, biocover-1(42.3%)>, and biocover-2 (37.0%). The methane removal efficiency over time in biocover-1 was gradually decreased. However, drastic efficiency decline was observed in biocover-2 due to the hardening process. As a result of overturning the surface soil where the hardening process was observed, methane removal efficiency increased again. The biofilter showed stable methane removal efficiency without degradation. The estimate methane oxidation rate in biocover-1 was an average of 10.4%. Biocover-2 showed an efficiency of 46.3% after 25 days of forming biocover. However, due to hardening process efficiency dropped to 4.6%. After overturn of the surface soil, the rate subsequently increased to 17.9%, with an evaluated average of 12.5%.

Study on Microbial Community Succession and Protein Hydrolysis of Donkey Meat during Refrigerated Storage Based on Illumina NOVA Sequencing Technology

  • Wei, Zixiang;Chu, Ruidong;Li, Lanjie;Zhang, Jingjing;Zhang, Huachen;Pan, Xiaohong;Dong, Yifan;Liu, Guiqin
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제41권4호
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    • pp.701-714
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    • 2021
  • In this study, the microbial community succession and the protein hydrolysis of donkey meat during refrigerated (4℃) storage were investigated. 16S rDNA sequencing method was used to analyze the bacteria community structure and succession in the level of genome. Meanwhile, the volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) was measured to evaluate the degradation level of protein. After sorting out the sequencing results, 1,274,604 clean data were obtained, which were clustered into 2,064 into operational taxonomic units (OTUs), annotated to 32 phyla and 527 genus. With the prolonging of storage time, the composition of microorganism changed greatly. At the same time, the diversity and richness of microorganism decreased and then increased. During the whole storage period, Proteobacteria was the dominant phyla, and the Photobacterium, Pseudompnas, and Acinetobacter were the dominant genus. According to correlation analysis, it was found that the abundance of these dominant bacteria was significantly positively correlated with the variation of TVB-N. And Pseudomonas might play an important role in the production of TVB-N during refrigerated storage of donkey meat. The predicted metabolic pathways, based on PICRUSt analysis, indicated that amino metabolism in refrigerated donkey meat was the main metabolic pathways. This study provides insight into the process involved in refrigerated donkey meat spoilage, which provides a foundation for the development of antibacterial preservative for donkey meat.

High-Performance Compton SPECT Using Both Photoelectric and Compton Scattering Events

  • Lee, Taewoong;Kim, Younghak;Lee, Wonho
    • Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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    • 제73권9호
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    • pp.1393-1398
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    • 2018
  • In conventional single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), only the photoelectric events in the detectors are used for image reconstruction. However, if the $^{131}I$ isotope, which emits high-energy radiations (364, 637, and 723 keV), is used in nuclear medicine, both photoelectric and Compton scattering events can be used for image reconstruction. The purpose of our work is to perform simulations for Compton SPECT by using the Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE). The performance of Compton SPECT is evaluated and compared with that of conventional SPECT. The Compton SPECT unit has an area of $12cm{\times}12cm$ with four gantry heads. Each head is composed of a 2-cm tungsten collimator and a $40{\times}40$ array of CdZnTe (CZT) crystals with a $3{\times}3mm^2$ area and a 6-mm thickness. Compton SPECT can use not only the photoelectric effect but also the Compton scattering effect for image reconstruction. The correct sequential order of the interactions used for image reconstruction is determined using the angular resolution measurement (ARM) method and the energies deposited in each detector. In all the results of simulations using spherical volume sources of various diameters, the reconstructed images of Compton SPECT show higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) without degradation of the image resolution when compared to those of conventional SPECT because the effective count for image reconstruction is higher. For a Derenzo-like phantom, the reconstructed images for different modalities are compared by visual inspection and by using their projected histograms in the X-direction of the reconstructed images.

효소 고정화막의 응용에 대한 총설 (Applications of Enzyme Immobilized Membranes: A Review)

  • 유정현;라즈쿠마 파텔;김종학
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제31권6호
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    • pp.393-403
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    • 2021
  • 생체 내 변화에서 효소는 중요한 촉매이다. 효소의 안정성과 재사용성은 촉매 과정에서 중요한 요소이다. 적합한 기질에 효소 고정화는 특정 미세환경의 조성을 통해 효소 활동성을 높인다. 다양한 종류의 분리막이 각각의 생체적합성과 막 표면의 친수성/소수성 조절 용이도에 따라 기질로 사용되었다. 본 논문에서는 셀룰로스, 폴리아크릴로니트릴(PAN), 폴리디메틸실록산(PDMS), 폴리비닐리덴플루오라이드(PVDF), 폴리에테르설폰(PES) 고분자 분리막이 소개되고 토의되었다. 고정화 효소를 이용한 유기오염물의 생물적 분해는 제약 회사 및 섬유 회사 등에서 발생하는 오염물질을 친환경적으로 감소할 수 있는 방법이다. 효소 고정화 생물반응기(EMBR)로 기름의 가수분해를 제어할 수 있고 이를 통해 탄소 배출량 감소 및 환경오염을 줄일 수 있다. EMBR로 만들 수 있는 바이오에탄올과 바이오디젤은 화석 연료의 대체제이다.

Comparison of metabolites in rumen fluid, urine, and feces of dairy cow from subacute ruminal acidosis model measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

  • Hyun Sang, Kim;Shin Ja, Lee;Jun Sik, Eom;Youyoung, Choi;Seong Uk, Jo;Jaemin, Kim;Sang Suk, Lee;Eun Tae, Kim;Sung Sill, Lee
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • 제36권1호
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    • pp.53-62
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    • 2023
  • Objective: In this study, metabolites that changed in the rumen fluid, urine and feces of dairy cows fed different feed ratios were investigated. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were used in this study. Rumen fluid, urine, and feces were collected from the normal concentrate diet (NCD) (Italian ryegrass 80%: concentrate 20% in the total feed) and high concentrate diet (HCD) groups (20%: 80%) of dairy cows. Metabolite analysis was performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) identification, and statistical analysis was performed using Chenomx NMR software 8.4 and Metaboanalyst 4.0. Results: The two groups of rumen fluid and urine samples were separated, and samples from the same group were aggregated together. On the other hand, the feces samples were not separated and showed similar tendencies between the two groups. In total, 160, 177, and 188 metabolites were identified in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces, respectively. The differential metabolites with low and high concentrations were 15 and 49, 14 and 16, and 2 and 2 in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces samples, in the NCD group. Conclusion: As HCD is related to rumen microbial changes, research on different metabolites such as glucuronate, acetylsalicylate, histidine, and O-Acetylcarnitine, which are related to bacterial degradation and metabolism, will need to be carried out in future studies along with microbial analysis. In urine, the identified metabolites, such as gallate, syringate, and vanillate can provide insight into microbial, metabolic, and feed parameters that cause changes depending on the feed rate. Additionally, it is thought that they can be used as potential biomarkers for further research on subacute ruminal acidosis.

옥광(Castanea crenata) 밤송이 추출물의 생리활성 효과 (Biological Activities of Extracts from Okkwang (Castanea crenata) Chestnut Bur)

  • 이은호;홍신협;조영제
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제46권5호
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    • pp.572-580
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    • 2017
  • 옥광(Okkwang; Castanea crenata) 밤송이 고형분의 phenolic 화합물의 함량은 물, 40% 에탄올 추출물에서 각각 11.24, $10.28{\mu}g/50{\mu}g$ solid로 측정되었다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 물, 에탄올 추출물 $50{\mu}g/mL$ solid 농도에서 각각 85, 87%의 전자공여능을 나타내었고, ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 물, 에탄올 추출물에서 각각 100, 86%의 전자공여능을 나타내었다. PF에서는 물, 에탄올 추출물 $200{\mu}g/mL$ solid 농도에서 각각 1.22, 1.45 PF를 나타내었고, TBARS는 물 추출물에서 83%, 에탄올 추출물에서는 73%의 효능을 나타내었다. XOase 저해 효과는 물, 에탄올 추출물 $200{\mu}g/mL$ solid 농도에서 각각 54, 43%를 나타내었다. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase 저해 효과는 $50{\mu}g/mL$ solid 농도에서 물 추출물은 95%, 에탄올 추출물에서는 96%의 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 미백을 나타내는 tyrosinase 저해 효과는 $200{\mu}g/mL$ solid 농도에서 에탄올 추출물은 27%의 효능을 나타내었다. 주름개선을 보여주는 collagenase 저해 효과는 $200{\mu}g/mL$ solid 농도에서 물, 에탄올 추출물 각각 93, 94%의 우수한 주름개선 효과를 나타내었으며, elastase 저해 효과는 $200{\mu}g/mL$ solid 농도에서 에탄올 추출물은 56%의 효능을 나타내었다. 항염증 효과를 나타내는 HAase 저해 효과를 측정한 결과 $200{\mu}g/mL$ solid 농도에서 물, 에탄올 추출물에서 각각 96, 52%의 항염증 효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로 보아 OCS 추출물은 항산화 활성, 통풍 억제, 항당뇨, 미백, 주름개선, 항염증 효과가 우수하므로 기능성 소재로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1의 아가로오스 당화 관련 엑소형 GH50A β-아가레이즈와 GH117A α-NABH의 특성 및 NA2와 L-AHG 양산에의 적용 가능성 (Characterization of Exolytic GH50A β-Agarase and GH117A α-NABH Involved in Agarose Saccharification of Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 and Possible Application to Mass Production of NA2 and L-AHG)

  • 장원영;이희경;김영호
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.356-365
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    • 2021
  • 최근, 본 연구진은 담수 환경 유래 한천 분해 세균인 Cellvibrio sp KY-GH-1 (KCTC13629BP)의 전체 유전체 염기 서열을 분석하여 아가로오스를 L-AHG 및 D-갈락토오스로 가수분해시키는 아가레이즈들을 암호화하는 유전 정보를 탐색하였다. 그 결과, KY-GH-1 균주는 유전체 상의 약 77 kb 길이의 아가레이즈 유전자 클러스터 내에 9개의 β-아가레이즈 유전자들과 2개의 α-네오아가로비오스 가수분해효소(α-NABH) 유전자들을 지닌 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 유전자 정보를 바탕으로 KY-GH-1 균주가 한천을 탄소원으로 자화하기 위해 단량체인 L-AHG와 D-갈락토오스로 분해시키는 공정은, 엔도형 GH16 β-아가레이즈, 엔도형 GH86 β-아가레이즈 등에 의해 개시되어 NA4, NA6, NA8 등을 생성시킨 후, 이들에 대해 엑소형 GH50 β-아가레이즈가 추가로 작용하여 NA2를 생성시키고, 이어서 GH117 α-NABH가 작용하여 생성된 NA2를 단량체 L-AHG와 D-갈락토오스로 분해함으로써 종결되는 것으로 예측되었다. 대장균 발현 시스템과 PET-30a 벡터를 함께 사용하여, KY-GH-1 균주 유래의 GH50 패밀리 β-아가레이즈 유전자들(GH50A, GH50B, GH50C)과 GH117 패밀리 α-NABH 유전자들(GH117A α-NABH, GH117B α- NABH)을 발현시켜 His-태그 재조합 효소단백질들로 확보하여, 이들 효소단백질을 이용하여 효소 활성을 비교 분석한 결과, 재조합 GH50A β-아가레이즈가 세 개의 GH50A 패밀리 β-아가레이즈 동위효소들 중에서 가장 높은 엑소형 β-아가레이즈 활성을 나타내며, 또한 재조합 GH117A α-NABH가 NA2를 L-AHG와 D-갈락토오스로 강력하게 가수분해할 수 있으나 재조합 GH117B α-NABH는 NA2 가수분해 활성이 없음을 확인하였다. 연이어 GH50A β-아가레이즈 및 GH117A α-NABH의 효소 특성을 추가로 조사하였다. 아울러 이들 각 효소가 나타내는, 아가로오스를 분해하여 NA2를 생성시키는 효율성과 NA2를 분해하여 L-AHG 및 D-갈락토오스를 생성시키는 효율성을 평가하였다. 본 총설에서는, L-AHG 및 D-갈락토오스의 양산을 위한 아가로오스의 효소적 가수분해에 성공적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되는, 담수 유래 한천 분해 세균 Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 유래의 재조합 GH50A β-아가레이즈 및 GH117A α-NABH의 장점들에 대해 기술한다.

Optimization of Solid State Fermentation of Mustard (Brassica campestris) Straw for Production of Animal Feed by White Rot Fungi (Ganoderma lucidum)

  • Misra, A.K.;Mishra, A.S.;Tripathi, M.K.;Prasad, R.;Vaithiyanathan, S.;Jakhmola, R.C.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.208-213
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    • 2007
  • The objective of the experiment was to determine the optimum cultural [moisture levels (55, 60 and 70%), days of fermentation (7, 14 and 21), temperature (25 and $35^{\circ}C$) of incubation)] and nutritional parameters (urea addition (0 and 2%) and variable levels of single super phosphate (0.25 and 0.50% SSP)) for bio-processing of the mustard (Brassica campestris) straw (MS) under solid-state fermentation (SSF) system. The performance of SSF was assessed in terms of favorable changes in cell wall constituents, protein content and in vitro DM digestibility of the MS. Sorghum based inoculum (seed culture) of Ganoderma lucidum to treat the MS was prepared. The 50 g DM of MS taken in autoclavable polypropylene bags was mixed with a pre-calculated amount of water and the particular nutrient in the straw to attained the desired levels of water and nutrient concentration in the substrate. A significant progressive increase in biodegradation of DM (p<0.001), NDF (p<0.01) and ADF (p<0.05) was observed with increasing levels of moisture. Among the cell wall constituents the loss of ADF fraction was greatest compared to that of NDF. The loss of DM increased progressively as the fermentation proceeded and maximum DM losses occurred at 28 days after incubation. The protein content of the treated MS samples increased linearly up to the day $21^{th}$ of the incubation and thereafter declined at day $28^{th}$, whereas the improvement in in vitro DM digestibility were apparent only up to the day $14^{th}$ of the incubation under SSF and there after it declined. The acid detergent lignin (ADL) degradation was slower during the first 7 days of SSF and thereafter increased progressively and maximum ADL losses were observed at the day $28^{th}$ of the SSF. The biodegradation of DM and ADL was not affected by the variation in incubation temperature. Addition of urea was found to have inhibitory effect on fungal growth. The effect of both the levels (0.25 and 0.50) of SSP addition in the substrate, on DM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and ADL biodegradation was similar. Similarly, the protein content and the in vitro DM digestibility remain unaffected affected due to variable levels of the SSP inclusion in the substrate. From the results it may be concluded that the incubation of MS with 60 percent moisture for 21 days at $35^{\circ}C$ with 0.25 percent SSP was most suitable for MS treatment with Ganoderma lucidum. Maximum delignification, enrichment in the protein content and improvement in in vitro DM digestibility were achieved by adopting this protocol of bioprocessing of MS.

β-lapachone에 의한 A549 인체폐암세포의 apoptosis 유도와 cyclooxygenase-2 활성 저하 (β-Lapachone-Induced Apoptosis is Associated with Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Activity in Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells)

  • 최영현
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제21권10호
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    • pp.1494-1499
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    • 2011
  • ${\beta}$-lapachone은 남미에 자생하는 lapacho 나무(Tabeuia avellanedae)의 수액에 함유된 quinone계열의 일종으로 많은 인체암세포에서 apoptosis를 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 A549 인체폐암세포를 대상으로 ${\beta}$-lapachone에 의한 apoptosis 유발 과정에서 나타나는 또 다른 현상들을 조사하기 위하여 실시되었다. ${\beta}$-lapachone이 처리된 A549 세포는 처리 농도의 증가에 따라 생존율이 감소되었으며, 이는 apoptosis 유발과 연관이 있음을 MTT assay와 flow cytometry 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. ${\beta}$-lapachone에 의한 A549 세포의 증식억제는 종양억제유전자 p53과 cyclin-dependent kinase 저해제인 p21의 발현을 전사 및 번역 수준에서 증가시켰으며, p53 단백질의 인산화 증가와 연관성이 있었다. 또한 ${\beta}$-lapachone은 caspase-3과 -9를 활성화시켰으며, 활성화된 caspase-3의 기질 단백질들[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, ${\beta}$-catenin 및 phospholipase C-$\gamma$1]의 단편화를 유도하였다. 아울러 ${\beta}$-lapachone은 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2의 mRNA 및 단백질의 발현을 억제하였으나 COX-1의 발현에는 영향을 미치지 않았으며, ${\beta}$-lapachone에 의한 COX-2의 발현억제는 prostaglandin E2의 생성 저하에 관련이 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 ${\beta}$-lapachone의 항암활성 기전의 이해와 더불어 ${\beta}$-lapachone이 폐암세포에서 강력한 항암활성이 있음을 보여 주는 것이다.