• Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.65-72
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate probiotic characteristics and immune enhancing effects of Bifidobacterium (B.) longum KBB1-26 and BIF-4, B. breve KBB5-22 isolated from human intestine for probiotic use in humans and animals. We measured acid, bile and heat tolerance, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia (E.) coli, Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, and Listeria (L.) monocytogenes. Immune enhancing effects of B. longum and B. breve were investigated by measuring nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor ($NF-{\kappa}b$), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in RAW 264.7 cells or RAW BLUE cells. B. longum KBB1-26 was survived at pH 2.0. B. longum KBB1-26 and BIF-4, B. breve KBB5-22 also showed tolerance to 0.3% of oxgall bile salt. B. longum KBB1-26 was able to survive at $70^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. KBB1-26 showed the antimicrobial inhibition zone to pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli (12 mm), S. Enteritidis (14 mm), S. aureus (14 mm) and L. monocytogenes (41 mm). The production of NO ($4.5{\pm}0.00{\mu}M/mL$) and $IL-1{\beta}$ ($39.7{\pm}0.55pg/mL$) of KBB1-26 significantly higher than BIF-4 and KBB5-22, respectively. In addition, KBB1-26 and KBB5-22 induce the production of high level of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 in macrophages. Collectively, B. longum KBB1-26 have acid, bile, heat tolerance, antimicrobial activity and immune enhancing effects. These results suggest that KBB1-26 can be used as probiotics for humans and animals.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2024

Objectives : This study evaluates how various traditional Korean herbal medicines assess MUC5AC expression for esophageal mucosal defense and analyzes the associated mechanisms involved in inflammation. Methods : Forty types of traditional Korean herbal medicines were assessed for in vitro antioxidant activities, and the real-time PCR method was employed to analyze MUC5AC expression under pH 4.5 conditions in human esophageal epithelial cells (HET-1A). Eight types of Korean herbal medicines were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activities, and Reactive oxygen specise (ROS) expression was analyzed under bile salt (480 𝜇M) and pH 5.5 conditions in human esophageal epithelial cells (HET-1A). Simulation experiments involving bile salts and acidity were conducted for one hour to assess the efficacy of four drugs, and the activities of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MEK), Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-𝜅B), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were detected through Western blot analysis. Results : Compared to the Normal group, the Control group exhibited higher ROS generation. Such increased ROS levels were significantly reduced by four extracts: Citrus Unshius Pericarpium (CUP), Cnidium officinale Rhizoma (CR), Ginseng Radix (GR), and Linderae Radix (LR). The protein expression of COX-2 decreased with the treatment of LR, CUP, and CR. Particularly, CUP and CR exhibited superior effects compared to other groups in inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-𝜅B. Conclusion : Based on the results obtained, we have identified drugs that inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation caused by bile acid in esophageal epithelial cells. Our future plans involve comparing and analyzing the efficacy of these herbal medicines through animal experiments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.251-258
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from animal feces. BCNU 9041 and BCNU 9042 isolates were assigned to Lactobacillus brevis on the basis of their physiological properties and 16S ribosomal DNA sequences analysis. They were confirmed as safe bioresources because of their non-hemolytic activities and non-production of harmful ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, tryptophanase, or urease. These isolates were also highly resistant to acid (at pH 2.5) and bile acids (at concentration of 0.3%, 0.6%, and 1% oxgall). In addition, they exhibited good antibacterial activity against food-borne bacteria, especially Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shigella sonnei. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that they have the highest levels of hydrophobicity and that they showed bile salt hydrolytic and cholesterol assimilation activity. These results suggest that BCNU 9041 and 9042 have good potential for application in functional foods and health-related products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1201-1209
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to isolate probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that produce bile salt hydrolase (BSH), and to evaluate its effects on serum cholesterol level. One-hundred-twenty bacterial colonies were initially isolated from human feces, and five strains were selected after screening based on their resistance to acids, tolerance against bile salts, and inhibitory activity on Escherichia coli. The Lactobacillus plantarum strain with the highest level of BSH activity was identified using 16S rRNA sequences, and was named L. plantarum CK 102. L. plantarum CK 102 at a level of 1.36$\times$10$^8$cfu/ml survived in pH 2 buffer for 6 h and exhibited excellent tolerance for bile salt. Coculturing the strain with E. coli in MRS broth resulted in strong inhibition against growth of E. coli at 18 h. Furthermore, the potential effect of CK 102 on serum cholesterol level was evaluated in rats. Thirty-two rats [Sprague-Dawley (SD) male, 129$\pm$l g, 5 weeks old] were divided into four groups of eight each. For six weeks, Group 1 was fed a normal diet (negative control); Group 2 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (positive control); Group 3 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet plus L. plantarum CK 102 at 1.0$\times$10$^7$cfu/ml; and Group 4 was fed a cholesterol-enriched diet plus L. plantarum CK 102 at 5.0$\times$10$^7$cfu/ml. Blood samples were collected, serum lipids were analyzed, and weights of the organs were measured. Total blood cholesterol level, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and free-cholesterol values were lower in rats that were fed 1. plantarum CK 102 than in those not fed L. plantarum CK 102. This cholesterol lowering effect implies that L. plantarum CK 102 could be utilized as an additive for health-assistance foods. In conclusion, these results suggest that the 1. plantarum CK 102 isolated could be used commercially as a probiotic.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.106-112
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• 2006

Fifty four acid-resistant and bile-resistant isolates of lactic acid bacteria were initially isolated from the faces of Korea native cattle and Holstein using MRS agar and LAPT agar, and ten strains with superior activity against bile salt were finally selected LS1, LS15, and LL6 isolates showed survival of 66.5%, 82.6% and 80.7% against the simulated stomach liquid(pH 2.5), respectively. LL6 and LL7 isolates had the highest inhibitory activities against the pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. By using API 50 CHL kit LS1, LS2 and LM1 isolates were identified as a L. fermentum. LL6 and LL7 isolates as a L. acidophilus, and LS3 isolate as a L. plantarum. The other four isolates belong to genus Lactobacillus. All the isolates tested were sensitive to some antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and erythromycin, but resistant to colistin and ciprofloxacin. LB1, LL6 and LL7 isolates were resistant to gentamicin and neomycin. Especially, the LL6 isolate showed the highest resistance to both of the simulated stomach liquid and bile salt, in addition to the highest inhibitory activities against Sal. typhimurium, Staph. aureus and Cl. perfringens.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.789-798
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• 2016

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are industrially important microorganisms for probiotics. The recent widespread application of LAB for preparation of functional food is attributable to the accumulating scientific evidence showing their beneficial effects on human health. In this study, we isolated and characterized plant-derived LAB that show angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The selected strain K2 was isolated from Kimchi, and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rRNA gene analysis. The strain grew under static and shaking culture systems. They were also able to grow in different culture conditions like $25^{\circ}C{\sim}37^{\circ}C$ temperature, 4~10 pH range and ~6% NaCl concentration. L. plantarum K2 was highly resistant to acid stress; survival rate of the strain at pH 2.5 and 3 were 80% and 91.6%, respectively. The strain K2 also showed high bile resistance to 0.3% bile bovine and 0.3% bile extract with more than 74% of survival rate. The cell grown on MRS agar plate containing bile extract formed opaque precipitate zones around the colonies, indicating they have bile salt hydrolase activity. The strain showed an inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes; antibacterial activity was probably due to the lactic acid. The K2 strain showed relatively higher autoaggregation values, antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. These results suggest that L. plantarum K2 could be not only applied as a pharmabiotic for human health but also is also starter culture applicable to fermentative products.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

Probiotics have been reported to benefit human health by modulating immunity, lowering cholesterol, improving lactose tolerance, and preventing some cancer. Once ingested, probiotic microorganisms have to survive harsh conditions such as low pH, protease-rich condition, and bile salts during their passage through the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract colonize and proliferate to exert their probiotic effects. The dual coating technology, by which the bacteria are doubly coated with peptides and polysaccharides in consecutive order, was developed to protect the ingested bacteria from the harsh conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the viable stability of a doubly coated blend of four species of Bifidobacterium by comparing its bile/acid resistance and heat viability in vitro with that of the non-coated blend. After challenges with acid, bile salts, heat, and viable cell counts (VVCs) of the dual coated and non-coated blend were determined by cultivation on agar plates or flow cytometric measurement after being stain with the BacLigtht kit$^{TM}$. The results showed that the dual coated blend was much higher resistant to the acidic or bile salt condition than the non-coated blend and heat viability was also higher, indicating that the dual coating can improve the survival of probiotic bacteria during their transit through the GI tract after consumption.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to compare the intrinsic absorptivity of piperacillin in the jejunum and the nasal cavity, to investigate the effect of bile salts, fatty acids and their mixed micelles on the intestinal and nasal absorption of piperacilIin, to examine the reversibiIity of bile salt-fatty acid mixed micelles absorption promoting action and to design an effective intranasal drug delivery system for antibiotics. And absorption promoters used were bile salts [sodium cholate (NaC), sodium glycocholate (NaGC)], unsaturated fatty acids [oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA)] and their mixed micelles (NaC-LA). The present study employed the in situ nasal and intestinal perfusion technique in rats. The apparent permeabilities $(P_{app})$ of piperacillin were $0.40{\pm}0.04{\times}10^{-5}cm/sec(mean{\pm}S.E)$ in the jejunum and $1.32{\pm}0.08{\times}10^{-5}\;cm/sec$ in the nasal cavity, which indicated that intrinsic absorptivity of piperacillin was greater in the nasal cavity than in the jejunum. When absorption promoters were used in the rat nasal cavity, the decreasing order of apparent piperacillin permeability $(P_{app},\;10^{-5}\;cm/sec)$, corrected for surface area of absorption, was NaC-LA $(4.62{\pm}0.16)$> NaC $(4.36{\pm}0.32)$>LA$(2.24{\pm}0.26)$ NaGC $(2.17{\pm}0.21)$>OA $(1.53{\pm}0.16)$. The increase in permeability of piperacillin was 3.5-fold in the rat nasal cavity and 1.5-fold in the rat jejunum for formulations containing NaC-LA mixed micelles as compared to those without absorption enhancer. The effect of NaC-LA mixed micellar solutions was synergistic and was greater than that with single adjuvant. The reversibility of nasal mucosal permeability was observed within approximately 2 hr after removal of NaCLA mixed micelles from the nasal cavity. These results suggest that NaC-LA mixed micelles can be used as nasal mucosal absorption promoters of poorly absorbed drugs.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.17-34
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• 1992

A novel drug delivery system, detergent-phospholipid mixed micelles as proliposomes, for water-insoluble compounds was developed by investigating (i) spontaneous formation of small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) from bile salt-egg phosphatidylcholine mixed micelles, (ii) the molecular mechanism of micelle-to-vesicle transition in aqueous mixtures of detergent-phospholipid, (iii) preparation and screening of a suitable liposomal formulation for a lipophilic drug: solubilization of the drug within the lipid bilayer, evaluation of the solubility limit, and characterization of the resulting product with respect to the physical properties and stability of the drug in the system, and (iv) testing antitumor activity in vitro. The results showed that the new carrier had a strong possibility to be a biocompatible universal formulation for water-insoluble drugs.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.45-55
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• 2002

Recent developments in the application of molecular biology to food grade lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have shown that it could be feasible to engineer metabolic pathways to either enhance specific metabolic fluxes or to divert metabolites for the production of different or new end products. This engineering requires detailed knowledge of enzymes involved in metabolism and regulation within the targeted organism but little works have been done in this area. During biochemical and molecular characterisation of lactic bacterial enzymes, some of probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species were found to be very useful for food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The enzymes are usually intracellular and the yields are very low to be useful for industrial applications. Among many enzymes and proteins of lactic bacteria studied, some of our gene cloning achievements have contributed to overproduction of lactic bacterial enzymes such as peptidases, esterases, lactases, bile salt hydrolases and linoleate isomerases for foods and nutraceuticals.