• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.29.1-29.10
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• 2016

Background: It is known that large dogs who are fed lamb and rice diets are at increased risk to develop taurine-deficiency-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Since dogs obligatorily conjugate bile acids (BA) with taurine, we determined whether rice bran (RB) or other fibers (cellulose; CL, beet pulp; BP) would affect BA excretion and/or the taurine status of dogs. Results: Eighteen medium/large mixed-breed dogs were given purified diets containing CL, BP, or RB for 12 weeks. Taurine concentrations in plasma and whole blood were significantly decreased at week 12. The BP group, compared to the CL or RB groups, showed significantly lower taurine concentrations in plasma ($6.5{\pm}0.5$ vs $20.4{\pm}3.9$ and $13.1{\pm}2.0{\mu}mol/L$, respectively, P < 0.01, $mean{\pm}SEM$) and in whole blood ($79{\pm}10$ vs $143{\pm}14$ and $127{\pm}14{\mu}mol/L$, respectively, P < 0.01), lower apparent protein digestibility ($81.9{\pm}0.6$ vs $88.8{\pm}0.6$ and $88.1{\pm}1.2%$, respectively, P < 0.01), and higher BA excretions ($5.6{\pm}0.1$ vs $3.4{\pm}0.5$ and $3.4{\pm}0.4{\mu}mol/g$ feces, respectively, P < 0.05) at week 12. Conclusions: These results do not support the hypothesis that RB is likely to be a primary cause of lamb meal and rice diets, increasing the risk of taurine deficiency in large dogs. However these indicate that BP may contribute to a decrease taurine status in dogs by increasing excretion of fecal BA and decreasing protein digestibility, thus decreasing the bioavailability of sulfur amino acids, the precursors of taurine.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1992

The effects of colchicine on the plasma elimination and biliary excretion of various organic anions in rats were examined. Elimination of indocyanine green (ICG) or rose bengal (RB) from plasma was significantly delayed when rats were treated with colchicine (3 mg/kg body weight) 3 hr prior to the administration of the dye. On the other hand, disappearance of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) or bromophenol blue (BPB) from plasma was not influenced by colchicine. The plasma disappearance and biliary excretion of organic anions were kinetically analyzed based on a compartment model, in which the deep compartment and the unknown disposition are incorporated. The transfer rate constants of ICG or RB, $k_{23}$ (from the liver to the deep compartment) and $k_{3B}$ (from the deep compartment to the bile), were decreased by colchicine, but those of BSP or BPB were not changed. A mechanism for the decrease in the $k_{23}$ and $k_{3B}$ values for ICG and RB might be explained by a inhibition of colchicine to the intracellular cytoskeleton. The hepatocellular distribution of RB or BPB was then determined. BPB mainly distributed to the cytosolic fraction, but RB distributed to each hepatocyte organelle. Taken together. it was suggested that ICG or RB is transported through hepatocytes into bile with the aid of the cytoskeleton, whereas BSP or BPB is handled by hepatocytes in a different way.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 1996

The effects of several carbohydrate sources on plasma, liver and fecal lipid contents of rats fed diet containing sucrose, corn starch, brown rice, milled rice or wheat flour with 0.3% cholesterol for four weeks were investigated. Plasma triglyceride and total cholestrol increased significntly in sucrose group, and decreased significantly in milled rice group compared to other three groups. There were no significant differences in plasma lipid contents among corn starch, brown rice and wheat flour groups. The contents of liver triglyceride and cholesterol in brown rice group decreased significantly compared to there four groups. Fecal excretion of total cholesterol in rice and wheat flour groups was significantly higher than in sucrose and corn starch groups. The contents of fecal bile acid increased significantly in milled rice and brown rice groups compared to other three groups. Fecal bile acid content of wheat flour group was similar to those of sucrose and corn starch group. From these results, it is suggested that rice has a possibility of hypolipidemic effect in cholesterol fed rat.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.330-336
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• 2008

We investigated the effect of a green seaweed Capsosiphon fulvescens extract (CFE) on the serum, liver tissue, and fecal cholesterol levels in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (four weeks old) were given on of three diets for four weeks: basal, high cholesterol, and CFE, The total serum and liver tissue cholesterol levels in the CFE group were significantly decreased compared to those in the cholesterol group. The CFE group showed increased amounts of feces, total fecal bile acid and dietary fiber as compared to basal and cholesterol group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed fat droplets in the livers of the rats in the cholesterol group; however, a decreased number of droplets was observed in the rats fed the CFE diet. Our results suggest that CFE supplementation may improve lipid metabolism, by controling serum and liver tissue cholesterol levels, and by increasing the total amounts of bile acid, dietary fiber and cholesterol excretion in feces.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.526-534
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Opuntia ficus-indica complex (OF) on the lipid metabolism, bile acid in feces, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, aspatate aminotransferase (AST) activity, composition of urine and expression of cholesterol related mRNA in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into non-diabetic control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic OF of 2% (OF-2) and diabetic OF of 5% (OF-5), then each group was fed for 3 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in OF-5 group compared to DC, but high density lipoprotein (HDL) was not changed. AST and ALT were also reduced and bile acid excretion was improved. Composition of urine in OF-5 was almost same in NC. The expression of cholesterol $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA-R), Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) mRNA indicated that feeding OF have the effects of cholesterol decreation in plasma by synthesis of bile acid from cholesterol. These results provide experimental evidence about improved lipid metabolism of the OF feeding in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.121-126
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Natto supplementation on lipid metabolism in rats. Male rats were fed on casein(CON group), steamed soybean(SS group), conventional Natto(N-1 group), garlic(2%) added Natto(N-2 group), red pepper oleoresin(0.2%) added Natto(N-3 group) and galic(2%) and red pepper oleoresin(0.2%) added Natto(N-4 group) as a protein source for 4 weeks. Serum and liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the experimental groups than in the control group. Especially, dietary N-2, N-3 and N-4, compared with CON, reduced markedly the concentration of serum cholesterol. The concentration of serum HDL-cholesterol was higher markedly in the N-4 group than in the control group. The concentration of serum triglyceride was significantly lower in the N-1, N-2, N-3 and N-4 groups than in the control group. Garlic and red pepper added Natto fed groups(N-2, N-3, N-4) showed more excreion of fecal bile acid when compared with those values of casein fed group. The results indicate that spice added Natto supplementation may have more beneficial roles in lipid metabolism through reduced cholesterol levels and increased fecal bile acid excretion.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1990

The disposition of Brazilin including plasma concentration-time profiles, excretions via urine and bile, and plasma protein binding was investigated after intravenous or oral administration of radio labeled Brazilin ($^3H-Brazilin$) to male Wistar rats. The main pharmac:okinetic parameters were as follows; $t\;_{ 1/2}$, 13.71 hr; AUC, $53.38\;\mu\textrm{g}{\cdot}hr/ml$; AUMC, $1013.4I\;\mu\textrm{g}{\cdot}hr^2/ml$, MRT, 18.95 hr; Vss, 17778 mllkg and CL, 936.77 ml/hr.kg. The 2nd peak was found in the plasma concentration-time profiles indicating potential enterohepatic circulation. The enterohepatic circulation was supported by the bile excretion. After oral administration, about 64.4 % of administered radioactivity was excreted into the bile within 10 hours and its excretion rate reached maximum at 3 hours after administration. The Vss was extremely high, 17.8 l/kg indicating distribution of brazilin in most organs (tissues) with high concentration of brazilin in some organs. Brazilin was distributed into most of organs (spleen, adrenal, pancreas, kidney, thymus, lung, heart, liver, prostate, epididymus, testis, fat, muscle and done) except brain. High concentration of Brazilin was detected especially in liver, kidney, epididymus and testis. Approximately, 62.9% and 44.1% of the dose was excreted for intravenous and oral administration, respectively. About 80% of the dose eventually excreted into urine was excreted within 24 hr after dosing. Plasma protein binding of brazilin resulted in $40\;{\pm}\;4%$ by ultrafiltration method.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.364-373
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• 2003

Purpose: For good quality of myocardial perfusion images, an approximately 30 min to 1 hour of waiting time after radiopharmaceutical injection and ingestion of fatty meal are asked of the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the shortening of waiting time after radiopharmaceutical injection and improvement of image quality using natural plant extracts that promote bile excretion. Materials and Methods: Ten volunteers participated in protocol 1 (7 men, 3 women; mean age, $24.1{\pm}2.4$ years) and protocol 2 (8 men, 2 women; mean age, $26.1{\pm}2.9$ years), respectively. For the modified method of both protocols, subjects took natural plant extracts 15 minutes before the first injection of $^{99m}Tc$ MIBI without laking fatty meals. Control (Conventional) methods were peformed with intake of a fatty meal 20 to 30 minutes after $^{99m}Tc$ MIBI injection. Results: As the results of protocol 1 and 2, the ratio of myocardial to lung ratio were not different between modified and conventional method. Liver to lung ratio of modified method showed significantly lower value than that of conventional method. In modified method, myocardial to liver ratio was higher persistently. In protocol 2, natural plant extracts took before the first injection of $^{99m}Tc$ MIBI exerted accelerating effect of excretion of bile juice into Intestine until the end of examination. Conclusion: These results represent that natural plant extracts for facilitation of bile excretion before injection of $^{99m}Tc$ MIBI may provide better quality of myocardial perfusion images without the need for preparations such as ingestion of fatty meal within the 2 hours compared with conventional method.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2011

Recently, we have demonstrated that green tea extract (GTE) decreases the intestinal absorption of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), which is an extremely lipophilic food contaminant. The present study was conducted to examine if an enteral infusion of GTE would influence the biliary secretion of BAP and lipids in rats. Female rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with or without (control) GTE at 5 g/kg diet for 4 week. Following the 4-week dietary treatment, rats with bile duct cannula were infused continuously for 8 hr at 3.0 mL/hr via a duodenal catheter with a lipid emulsion containing $4.0\;{\mu}mol$ BAP labeled with $^{14}C$ ($^{14}C$-BAP), $20.7\;{\mu}mol$ cholesterol, $452\;{\mu}mol$ triolein, and $3.1\;{\mu}mol$ ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, and $396.0\;{\mu}mol$ Na-taurocholate with or without 76.1 mg GTE powder in PBS buffer (pH, 6.4). Bile was collected hourly via bile cannula for an 8 hr period. Our results showed that bile flow did not differ between groups. However, the biliary secretion of $^{14}C$-BAP was significantly enhanced by GTE infusion, compared with those infused with the lipid emulsion alone. However, GTE did not affect the biliary outputs of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. These findings indicate that GTE has a profound stimulatory effect on the biliary excretion of BAP in rats, without affecting other biliary lipids. The mechanism(s) by which GTE enhances the biliary secretion of BAP remains to be investigated.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2006

We investigated the effects of fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin on the profiles of cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and fecal bile acids in rats. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley male rats weighing about 190 g were randomly divided among four treatments; control diet, control diet +6%(w/w) fructooligosaccharide (POS), control diet +6% chicory inulin oligosaccharide(CIOS), and control diet +6% chicory inulin(CI). The rats were pair-fed and experimental diets were maintained for 5 weeks. Cecal and fecal pH was significantly decreased in rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin. Cecal propionate was significantly elevated in rats fed CIOS diets, and butyrate was lower in rats fed FOS and CI than control values. Cecal lactate was significantly higher in the FOS group than in the control group. The fecal excretions of acetate and total SCFA were 200-300% higher in rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin than in the control group. Lactate excretion was highest in rats that were fed FOS, followed by those fed CIOS and CI. The cholic acid and total bile acid concentrations in feces were significantly lower in the rats that were fed fructooligosaccharides and chicory inulin. The deoxycholic acid concentrations in wet feces were significantly lower in the groups of rats that ate CIOS (0.186 mM), FOS (0.274 mM), and CI (0.362 mM) than in the control group (0.595 mM). Among the fructans, short-chain fructooligosaccharide was more effective at decreasing colonic pH and lactate production, but medium-chain chicory inulin oligosaccharide was more effective at increasing fecal butyrate and lowering the fecal secondary bile acid concentration.