• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

Recently, the nine-switch inverter has been proposed as a dual output inverter. To date, studies on the control strategies for NSIs have been mostly combined with their application. However, in this paper, a mathematical model and control strategy for nine-switch inverters has been proposed in view of the topology. A switching function model and equivalent circuit model of a nine-switch inverter have been built in ${\alpha}{\beta}$ coordinates. Then, a novel current observer with an improved integrator is proposed based on the switching function model, and a direct power control strategy is proposed. No current sensors are used in the proposed strategy, and only two voltage sensors are employed. The performance of the proposed control method is verified by simulation and experimental results.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2019

Sensorless electric superchargers have recently been actively developed to provide a large amount of oxygen to engines in order assist the combustion process for miniaturizing the engines and improving fuel efficiency. The model-based sensorless method for surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors has a disadvantage in that the system may become unstable due to parameter variations in low-speed operation and the rapid-acceleration section. An electric supercharger requires fast response to improve the engine response delay, such as the turbocharger turbo-rack. Therefore, the responsiveness must be improved to use the model-based sensorless system. The position compensation algorithm designed in this study is controlled by converting the position error into the beta, which is the angle formed by the d-axis and the stator current during sudden speed change. In this study, we improved the response of the model-based sensorless system through the algorithm and verified the algorithm validity by applying the algorithm to an actual dual-motor supercharger.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.302-308
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the dependence of the hardness and thermal conductivity on the volume fraction of discontinuous precipitates (DPs) in the Mg-9.3%Al alloy with (α-(Mg)+DPs) dual phase structure. In order to obtain various DPs volume fractions, the alloy was solution-treated at 688 K for 24 h and then aged at 418 K for up to 144 h. The volume fraction of DPs increased from 0% to 63% with an increase in the aging time up to 72 h, over which, continuous precipitation was observed within the α-(Mg) grains. It is noticeable that the hardness and thermal conductivity of the alloy increased linearly with the volume fraction of DPs. The improved hardness and thermal conductivity with respect to volume fraction of DPs are closely associated with the higher hardness of the DPs with fine (α+β) lamellar structure and the lower Al concentration in the α phase layer of the DPs, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.322-326
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• 1999

In this study, cold-rolling and appropriate annealing was adopted for the grain refining of Cu-26.65Zn-4. 05Al-0.31Ti(wt%) shape memory alloy. For the cold deformation of this alloy the ducti1e $\alpha$-phase must be contained. After heat treatment at $550^{\circ}C$ the $(\alpha+$\beta)$-dual phase with 40vol.% $\alpha$-phase was obtained which could be rolled at room temperature. This alloy was cold rolled into a final thickness of 1.0mm with total reduction degrees of 70% and 90%. The rolled sheets were betanized at $800^{\circ}C$ for various times, then quenched into ice water. The grain size of co]d rolled samples were $60~80\mu\textrm{m}$ which is much smaller comparing with the hot-rolled samples. And the 90% rolled sample showed smaller grain size than the case of the 70% rolled one. The small grain size had influence on the phase transformation temperatures and stabilization of the austenitic phases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.36-36
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• 2017

Out of twenty common protein amino acids, there are many kinds of non protein amino acids (NPAAs) that exist as secondary metabolites and exert ecological functions in plants. Mimosine (Mim), one of those NPAAs derived from L. leucocephala acts as an iron chelator and reversely block mammalian cell cycle at G1/S phases. Cysteine (Cys) is decisive for protein and glutathione that acts as an indispensable sulfur grantor for methionine and many other sulfur-containing secondary products. Cys biosynthesis includes consecutive two steps using two enzymes-serine acetyl transferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine (thiol)lyase (OASTL) and appeared in plant cytosol, chloroplast, and mitochondria. In the first step, the acetylation of the ${\beta}$-hydroxyl of L-serine by acetyl-CoA in the existence of SAT and finally, OASTL triggers ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-elimination of acetate from OAS and bind $H_2S$ to catalyze the synthesis of Cys. Mimosine synthase, one of the isozymes of the OASTLs, is able to synthesize Mim with 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (3H4P) instead of $H_2S$ for Cys in the last step. Thus, the aim of this study was to clone and characterize the cytosolic (Cy) OASTL gene from L. leucocephala, express the recombinant OASTL in Escherichia coli, purify it, do enzyme kinetic analysis, perform docking dynamics simulation analysis between the receptor and the ligands and compare its performance between Cys and Mim synthesis. Cy-OASTL was obtained through both directional degenerate primers corresponding to conserved amino acid region among plant Cys synthase family and the purified protein was 34.3KDa. After cleaving the GST-tag, Cy-OASTL was observed to form mimosine with 3H4P and OAS. The optimum Cys and Mim reaction pH and temperature were 7.5 and $40^{\circ}C$, and 8.0 and $35^{\circ}C$ respectively. Michaelis constant (Km) values of OAS from Cys were higher than the OAS from Mim. Inter fragment interaction energy (IFIE) of substrate OAS-Cy-OASTL complex model showed that Lys, Thr81, Thr77 and Gln150 demonstrated higher attraction force for Cys but 3H4P-mimosine synthase-OAS intermediate complex showed that Gly230, Tyr227, Ala231, Gly228 and Gly232 might provide higher attraction energy for the Mim. It may be concluded that Cy-OASTL demonstrates a dual role in biosynthesis both Cys and Mim and extending the knowledge on the biochemical regulatory mechanism of mimosine and cysteine.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 1990

Alcoholic distillery waste was utilized as dual purposes to produce citric acid and to reduce the amount of waste to be treated. Enzyme and acid hydrolysis of this waste were studied to suggest effective way of present purpose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this naked barley alcoholic distillery waste by $\alpha$-and $\beta$-amylase gave glucose as 8g/l concentration at $55^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours, which produced 1g/l citric acid and 5.33g/l mycelial. This waste material hydrolyzed with 25% HCl at $120^{\circ}C$ showed 21.5g/l glucose and produced 1.75g/l citric acid with 4.9g/1 mycelial. The glucose concentration was decreased to 3.44g/l by further 2nd acid hydrolysis because the monosugars were decomposed at prolonged hydrolysis conditions. The addition of 3g/l $NH_4NO_3$ increased the mycelial growth but reduced the amount of citric acid formed. The formation of citric acid was increased at low concentration of manganese ion.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1775-1784
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to reveal the role and regulatory mechanism of miR-188-5p in the proliferation and differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Methods: Goat skeletal muscle satellite cells isolated in the pre-laboratory were used as the test material. First, the expression of miR-188-5p in goat muscle tissues at different developmental stages was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, miR-188-5p was transfected into goat skeletal muscle satellite cells by constructing mimics and inhibitors of miR-188-5p, respectively. The changes of differentiation marker gene expression were detected by qPCR method. Results: It was highly expressed in adult goat latissimus dorsi and leg muscles, goat fetal skeletal muscle, and at the differentiation stage of muscle satellite cells. Overexpression and interference of miR-188-5p showed that miR-188-5p inhibited the proliferation and promoted the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Target gene prediction and dual luciferase assays showed that miR-188-5p could target the 3'untranslated region of the calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta (CAMK2B) gene and inhibit luciferase activity. Further functional studies revealed that CAMK2B promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells, whereas si-CAMK2B restored the function of miR-188-5p inhibitor. Conclusion: These results suggest that miR-188-5p inhibits the proliferation and promotes the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells by targeting CAMK2B. This study will provide a theoretical reference for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development in goats.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 2003

Renal dipeptidase (RDPase, membrane dipeptidase, dehydropeptidase 1, EC 3.4.13.19) has been widely studied since it was first purified from porcine kidney brush border membrane. It was reported that RDPase activity in urine samples of acute and chronic renal failure patients decreases. Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive free radical involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes. NO is able to act in a dual mode, leading either to induction of apoptosis or to blunted execution of programmed cell death. NO inhibited the RDPase release from porcine renal proximal tubules, which could be blocked by L-NAME. Chitosan, the linear polymer of D-glucosamine in $\beta$(1\longrightarrow4) linkage, not only reversed the decreased RDPase release by NO but also increased NO production in the proximal tubule cells. The stimulatory effect of NO on RDPase release from proximal tubules in the presence of chitosan must be different from the previously proposed mechanism of RDPase release via NO signaling pathway. Chitosan stimulated the RDPase release in the proximal tubules and increased RDPase activity to 220% and 250% at 0.1% and 1%, respectively. RDPase release was decreased to about 40% in the injured proximal tubules and was recovered in proportion to the increase of chitosan. Chitosan may be useful in recovery of renal function from $HgCl_2$injury.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2008

Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) is a medicinal herb product isolated from Anthriscus sylvestris. DPT possesses beneficial activities in regulating immediate-type allergic reaction and anti-inflammatory activity through the dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. In the present study, the metabolism of DPT was further characterized in rat liver microsomes isolated from male Sprague Dawley rats. The metabolism of DPT was NADPH-dependent. In addition, when liver microsomes were incubated with SKF-525A, a well-known CYP inhibitor, in the presence of $\beta$-NADPH, the metabolism of DPT was significantly inhibited. Using enriched rat liver microsomes, the anticipated isoforms of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in the metabolism of DPT were partially characterized. Phenobarbital-induced microsomes increased in the formation of metabolite M1. The metabolite M3 was only produced in the enriched microsomes isolated from dexamethasone-treated rats. The results indicated that the metabolism of DPT would be CYP-dependent and that CYP2B and CYP3A might be important in the metabolism of DPT in rats.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.118-124
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• 2007

The efficiency of the hybrid systems which are composed of compound planetary gear sets depend on the amount of the recirculating energy among the motors and battery. This paper studies the analysis of the system efficiency with the parameters, ${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\gamma_a},\;{\gamma_b}$ and $\gamma_s$. The efficiency of the systems and the relative torque, speed and power of the power resources are represented by these parameters. The recuperating parameter $\kappa$ which makes the systems generalized is introduced, so the efficiencies of the modes such as the hybrid mode, the engine mode, the motoring mode and the recuperating mode are analyzed with simple equations. The tendency of the system efficiency according to the variations of the $\gamma_s$ and $\kappa$ are studied, by which it can be possible to reduce the loss of the power because the strategies for avoiding the singular speed ratio $\gamma_s$ are helpful for the system efficiency and specific value of $\kappa$ can increase the efficiency of the systems.