• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.63-72
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• 2011

Benzalkonium chloride is most widely used in S. Korea as a disinfectant in livestock husbandry. Inhibition of biogas potentials were investigated with three different doses of benzalkonium chloride in swine slurry. The system was operated at batch mode. The inhibition rates were 10%, 30~40% and >70% at the dose of 10ppm, 40ppm and 80ppm, respectively assuming it was zero percent in case of no dose. Enzymatic activities were analyzed to determine the enzymatic type which was inhibited by benzalkonium chloride. The acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and protease were shown negatively correlated with biogas potential. Correlation of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and biogas potentials was observed not high (p<0.01, r=-0.426) while benzalkonium chloride (r=-0.853, p<0.01) and acid phosphatase (p<0.01) with biogas potentials were significantly and negatively correlated. The effect of benzalkonium chloride on Escherichia coli were also evaluated by disc diffusion method. As increase of benzalkonium concentration, inhibition zone of anaerobic bacteria was extended. It revealed that benzalkonium chloride significantly deteriorated biogas potential through inhibition of acetogenic bacteria.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.569-584
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of benzalkonium chloride on tensile bond strength of BPDM/HEMA dentin bonding. One hundred sixty dentin specimens from freshly extracted bovine mandibular incisors were used, and 0, 0.02, 0.1 or 0.5% benzalkonium chloride solution was applied to the dentin specimen with/after phosphoric acid. 32% phosphoric acid was used when the specimens were bonded with One-Step$^{TM}$, a BPDM/HEMA system and 10% was used when bonded with All-Bond$^{(R)}$ 2, a NTG-GMA/BPDM system. Aelitefil$^{TM}$ composite resin was bonded to the pretreated dentin specimen with the use of All-Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 or One-Step$^{TM}$ dentin bonding agent. After the bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, tensile bond strength was measured. The fractured dentin specimens were examined under the scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows : Benzalkonium chloride application after acid-treatment resulted in decrease of dentin bond strength of One-Step$^{TM}$, a BPDM/HEMA system (p>0.05). Benzalkonium chloride application did not exert any influence on dentin bond strength of All-Bond$^{(R)}$ 2, a NTG-GMA/BPDM system (p>0.05). There was no relationship between the concentration or application method of benzalkonium chloride and the dentin bond strength of One-Step$^{TM}$ or All-Bon$^{(R)}$ 2 (p<0.05). On SEM examination of the fractured dentin-resin interface, while mixed failure was prominent in dentin bonding with One-Step$^{TM}$, adhesive and mixed failures were seen together in dentin bonding with All-Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 regardless of the concentration and application method of benzalkonium chloride.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.17-21
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• 1967

At present, quarternary ammonium salts(cationic surfactant) and Tego compounds (amphoteric surfactant) are used as germicidal agent. In this paper, it was investigated whether their germicidal activities are influenced or not by some suspending agents which are added to them 0.005% benzalkonium chloride aq. solution and 0.05% dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine aq. solution sterilized respectively against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli within a minute. The solutions aded acacia, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate solutions to make to 0.005% to above surfactants solution decreased the germicidal activity, not being sterilized bacteria for more than 2 hours however, the solutions decreased the germicidal activity by addition of suspending agents such as acacia, carboxymethyl cellose, sodium alginate and bacteria were survival for more than 2 hrs, 0.05% of benzalkonium chloride and 0.1% dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine respectively would be sterilized within 10 minutes, when added to 5% suspending agents. This result show that bactericidal action of dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine is affected by suspending agents less than that of benzalkonium chloride.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.699-720
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• 1995

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of benzalkonium chloride solution as a wetting agent instead of water on dentin bonding with NTG-GMA/BPDM system (All-bond 2, Bisco.) and DSDM system (Aelitebond, Bisco.). Benzalkonium chloride solution is a chemical disinfectant widely used in medical and dental clinics for preoperative preparation of skin and mucosa due to its strong effect of cationic surface active detergent. Eighty freshly extracted bovine lower incisor were grinded labially to expose flat dentin surface, and then were acid-etched with 10 % phosphoric acid for 15 second, water-rinsed, and dried for 10 second with air syringe. The specimens were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 teeth. The specimens of control group were remoistured with water and the specimens of experimental groups were remoistured with 0.1 %, 0.5 %, and 1.0 % benzalkonium chloride solution respectively. And then, the Aelitefil composite resin was bonded to the pretreated surface of the specimens by use of All-bond 2 dentin bonding system or Aelitebond dentin bonding system in equal number of the specimens. The bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, then the tensile bond strength was measured, the mode of failure was observed, the fractured dentin surface were examined under scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy was taken for the purpose of investigating the changes of the dentin surface pretreated with benzal konium chloride solution followed by each primer of the dentin bonding systems. The results were as follows : In the group of bonding with NTG-GMA/BPDM dentin bonding agent(All-bond 2), higher tensile bond strength was only seen in the experimental group remoistured with 0.1 % benzal konium chloride solution than that in water-remoistured control group(p<0.05). In the group of bonding with DSDM dentin bonding agent (Aelitebond), no significant differences were seen between the control and each one of the experimental group(p<0.05). Higher tensile bond strength were seen in NTG-GMAIBPDM dentin bonding agent group than in DSDM dentin bonding agent group regardless of remoistur ization with benzal konium chloride solution. On the examination of failure mode, cohesive and mixed failure were predominantly seen in the group of bonding with NTG-GMAIBPDM dentin bonding agent, while adhesive failure was predominantly seen in the group of bonding with DSDM dentin bonding agent. On SEM examination of fractured surfaces, no differences of findings of primed dentin surface between the groups with and without remoisturization with benzal konium chloride solution. FT-IR spectroscopy taken from the control and the experimental group reve::.led that some higher absorbance derived from the primers binding to dentin surface was seen at the group pretreated with 0.1 % benzal konium chloride solution than at the control group of remoisturizing with water.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.126-126
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• 2001

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.435-440
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• 1996

The effect of benzalkonium chloride on skin permeability of partially modified antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-ODN), which are designed as scar formation inhibitor, was investigated using Franz Diffusion Cell. When the concentration ratio of PS-ODN-quarternary ammonium salt complex is more than 1:100, the apparent partition coefficient (APC) of each complex was increased in the following order; tetraphenyl phosphonium chloride (TPP) < cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) < benzalkonium chloride (BZ). The permeability of PS-ODN through the rat skin increased in the presence of BZ. The fluxs of PS-ODN with BZ were increased by addition of Pluronic F 68 or Triton X-100 to phosphate buffered saline (PBS), respectively. When the mole ratio of PS-ODN to BZ is 1:10, the fluxs penetrated of PS-ODN with BZ was greatest. The increase of the permeability in the presence of BZ might be due to the formation of lipophilic ion-pair complex between PS-ODN and BZ. By regulation of mole ratio of PS-ODN to BZ, the development of topical dosage forms using PS-ODN as scar formation inhibitor will be possible with minimal systemic exposure.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1991

Quaternary amines which are widely used as medicines are nitrogen compounds. Metanil yellow(MY) and benzalkonium chloride(BKC) were mixed and added to 10ml of the buffer solution and then the solution was shaken for 5 minutes. The maximum absorption wavelength of the reaction product was 402 nm. Dichloromethane was the best extracting solvent among the several organic solvents and the most suitable pH range was 2~8. When the BKC-MY calibration curve was made in the best experimental condition, the Lambert-Beer's law was obeyed in the range of BKC concentration of 2$\times$$10^{-6}$~9$\times$$10^{-6}$M by UV spectrophotometer. This method was possible to determine quaternary ammonium salts in the pharmaceutical preparation.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the action of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) used as a preservative in most ophthalmic topical solutions, on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells in vitro. HCE cell line was exposed to BAC solutions at various concentrations (0.01%~0.0001%) for 15 minutes followed by 24 hours of cell recovery. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay and chromatin condensation with a Hoechst 33342 test. The expression of membrane protein Fas and Fas ligand was examined by western blot and immunocytochemistry, and DNA fragmentation was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis. A significant decrease of membrane integrity with chromatin condensation was observed with BAC tested at concentrations of 0.005% and higher. BAC was cytotoxic preservatives in this study. An apoptotic mechanism appeared to be present at low concentrations of BAC, whereas a necrotic process appeared at higher concentrations. A functional Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway is present in cultured HCE cells and can be activated by upregulation of Fas expression with BAC.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2001

This study was performed to examine the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of synthetic or natural preservative. Fibroblast cells L929 were used for cytotoxicity test and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Trichoderma reesei ATCC6967 were used for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Benzalkonium chloride(BAC) as a synthetic preservative and chitosan as a natural preservative were used for this study. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of BAC was 0.1~0.01% for P. aeruginosa and 0.001~0.0001% for S. aureus and 0.1~0.01% for T. reesei, MIC of chitosan was 2% for P. aeruginosa and 1I % for S. aureus. This study suggest that chitosan might be useful as an eyedrop.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.513-520
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• 2021

Background: Benzalkonium chloride (BKC) has been extensively used as a preservative in industrial products and in hygiene, medical, and cosmetic applications. Humidifier disinfectant (HD) products containing BKC have been used in South Korea. Objectives: This study was aimed to review types of products containing BKC, to summarize the regulations in the US, EU, Japan, and South Korea, and to review the health effects associated with the use of HD. Methods: We reviewed and summarized documents which were searched through PubMed and Google Scholar with the key words: BKC and asthma/contact dermatitis, humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI), and more. Results: Regulations in most countries including South Korea do not allow its use as disinfectants in spray-type of products for medicine, cosmetics, and household products. Two types of HD containing BKC (800~1,270 ppm) were marketed in South Korea from 1996~2003. Health effects reported from people who used products containing BKC were allergic contact dermatitis, erythema, and respiratory disease, including asthma. Two people who responded as HD users containing BKC only were confirmed to have developed asthma. HD-associated lung injury (HDLI) was reported by consumers who used both HD containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and HD containing BKC. Conclusions: In conclusion, the use of BKC as a biocide has to be controlled considering the route and pattern of exposure. Products containing BKC as preservatives were reviewed with exposure routes and sites in the human body such as skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. HD containing BKC was clinically evaluated to be associated with asthma.