• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.6 no.9
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• pp.377-384
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• 2017

The performance improvement of a single core processor has reached its limit since the circuit density cannot be increased any longer due to overheating. Therefore, the multicore and manycore architectures have emerged as viable approaches and parallel programming becomes more important. Haskell, a purely functional language, is getting popular in this situation since it naturally supports parallel programming owing to its beneficial features including the implicit parallelism in evaluating expressions and the monadic tools supporting parallel constructs. However, the performance of Haskell parallel programs is strongly influenced by the performance of the run-time system including the garbage collector. Though a memory profiling tool namely GC-tune has been suggested, we need a more systematic way to use this tool. Since GC-tune finds the optimal memory size by executing the target program with all the different possible GC options, the GC-tuning time takes too long. This paper suggests a basic divide-and-conquer method to reduce the number of GC-tune executions by reducing the search area by one-quarter for every searching step. Applying this method to two parallel programs, a maximally independent set and a K-means programs, the memory tuning time is reduced by 7.78 times with accuracy 98% on average.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1195-1199
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• 1998

Bafckground: Thr role and indication of surgery in the treatment of small cell lung cancer(SCLC) is currently limited and unsettled. Material and Method: We analyzed the surgical results of 9 patients with SCLC at Yosei Medical Center from January 1990 to December 1996. There were 8 males and 1 female, and their mean age was 57.2 years (range; 35-76). Preoperatively SCLC was confirmed in 5, but the other 4 cases were diagnosed as undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma. All patients underwent pulmoinary resection(lobectomy;5, lobectomy, segmentectomy and en-bloc resection of rib;1, bilobectomy; 2, pneumonectomy;1) and mediastinal lymph node dissection. Results: There were no operative mortality with two complications(postoperative bleeding;1, arrhythmia;1). All cases were diagnosed as SCLC histologically and their TNM staging were confirmed as follows: T1N0M0;1, T2N0M0;4, T3N0M0;1, T3N1M0;1, T2N2M0; 1, T4N0M0;1. All patients had received postoperative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy was combined in 4 patients. During follow up period(range 1-63 months; mean 33.0months), there was only one metastasis to pelvic bone among 8 patients without lymph node metastasis, and all patients were alive. On the other hand, among 3 patients who had regional and/or mediastinal lymph node metastasis or T4 lesion, all patients had recurrences(local;2, brain;1), and 2 patients died. Conclusion: We suggest that the use of TNM staging is beneficial, and surgical resection should be recommended in the patients with early staged SCLC as an important treatment modality.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.110-115
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• 2012

$Epimedium$ $koreanum$ Nakai is a wild medicinal plant commonly consumed in South Korea due to its beneficial health effects. In this study, the antimutagenic and immunological activities of $E.$ $koreanum$ Nakai extracts were investigated for their use in food. In the immunomodulating activity, the effects of $E.$ $koreanum$ Nakai on the B cell (Rhamos) and T cell (Molt-4) were investigated. The results showed that the growth and viability of the B and T cells were increased and activated more in the ethylacetate (1.35 and 1.48 times) and water fraction (1.30 and 1.40 times), respectively. In the Ames test, none of the fractions produced a mutagenic effect on $Salmonella$. $typhimurium$ TA98 and TA 100. The ethylacetate fraction showed a strong antimutagenic effect (98%) on and a high butanol fraction (84%) of B(${\alpha}$)P in $S.$ $typhimurium$ TA98 and TA100, respectively. In 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), all the solvent fractions showed an over 70% antimutagenic effect, except for the chloroform extract. Especially, ethylacetate and butanol showed strong inhibition of the mutagenic effects (80 and 90%) on 4NQO in $S.$ $typhimurium$ TA98 and TA100, respectively. These results provide preliminary data for the development of $E.$ $koreanum$ Nakai as an edible food material.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2000

This study was performed to research how predominantly TMD is known among people and how exactly it is understood. The data set up by this study could be used as beneficial references. Based on this data, people can be more knowledgeable of TMD so that they can recognize the signs and symptoms of TMD. Then, the patients can visit eligible clinician, TMD professionals. Nine hundred thirty six people (426 men and 510 women, ranging from 18 to 69 years old) were selected for the subjects of this study and were investigated by use of self-administered questionnaire. The obtained results were as follows : 1. 10.68% of the subjects were reported to have heard of the term, "Temporomandibular disorders". Females occupied significantly higher percentage than males and 18-29 age group occupied higher percentage than 30-49 age and 50-69 age groups. On the other hand, even more people (52.24%) were reported to have heard of the tenn, "Jaw joint disease". It also had same sex and age prevalences, too. 2. As for the route through which people have heard of TMD, more than half (58.38%) of the people mentioned mass media of communication (T.V. radio 40.36%, newspapers magazines 15.86%, internet 2.16%). Other people who had already heard of TMD (25.05%), dentist (7.75%), and other sources (8.83%) such as physicians, physicians of Chinese medicine, pharmacists were also mentioned. There were not significant differences among sex and age groups. 3. When it comes to the cause and concept of TMD, 32.59% of the subjects considered" an inappropriate overuse of the mandible" as the cause of TMD. There were not significant differences among sex and age groups. 4. The most frequently reported presumable TMD signs and symptoms were jaw pain (61.00%), jaw joint sound (57.80%), and difficulty with mouth opening (50.11%). 5. In answer to the question who is the eligible person to treat jaw joint disease, 35.26% answered the dentists are and 41.99%, orthopedicians. Of the people who chose dentist, 30-49 age group occupied the largest part. In the case of orthopedicians, 18-29 age group was the largest. 6. Of the 7.69% of subjects who had been treated of TMD, only 5.02% of them visited the dentist for the treatment of TMD. There were not significant differences among sex and age groups. 7. In answer to the question of how to prevent development of TMD, 58.87% selected "Avoid eating hard food", 58.65%, "Avoid opening the mouth wide", and 51.07%, "Avoid chewing gum frequently".

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9249-9258
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• 2014

Background: The encapsulation of curcumin (Cur) in polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (Cur-NPs) was designed to improve its solubility and stability. Conjugation of the Cur-NPs with anti-P-glycoprotein (P-gp) antibody (Cur-NPs-APgp) may increase their targeting to P-gp, which is highly expressed in multidrugresistance (MDR) cancer cells. This study determined whether Cur-NPs-APgp could overcome MDR in a human cervical cancer model (KB-V1 cells) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: First, we determined the MDR-reversing property of Cur in P-gp-overexpressing KB-V1 cells in vitro and in vivo. Cur-NPs and Cur-NPs-APgp, in the range 150-180 nm, were constructed and subjected to an in vivo pharmacokinetic study compared with Cur. The in vitro and in vivo MDR-reversing properties of Cur-NPs and Cur-NPs-APgp were then investigated. Moreover, the stability of the NPs was determined in various solutions. Results: The combined treatment of paclitaxel (PTX) with Cur dramatically decreased cell viability and tumor growth compared to PTX treatment alone. After intravenous injection, Cur-NPs-APgp and Cur-NPs could be detected in the serum up to 60 and 120 min later, respectively, whereas Cur was not detected after 30 min. Pretreatment with Cur-NPs-APgp, but not with NPs or Cur-NPs, could enhance PTX sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. The constructed NPs remained a consistent size, proving their stability in various solutions. Conclusions: Our functional Cur-NPs-APgp may be a suitable candidate for application in a drug delivery system for overcoming drug resistance. The further development of Cur-NPs-APgp may be beneficial to cancer patients by leading to its use as either as a MDR modulator or as an anticancer drug.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.35-42
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of activated charcoal (AC) and oak charcoal on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and ruminal gas production. AC and oak charcoal were added at the levels of 0.50, and 1.00 % to experimental diet (roughage/concentrate ratio ; 2/8). Ruminal pH and ammonia-N tended to increase by adding AC(P<0.05). But oak charcoal did not affect the ruminal pH and ammonia-N. Although not significant, ruminal total VFA and molar percentage of butyric acid tended to decrease in AC diets. but molar percentage of acetate and propionate were not affected by adding AC. Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein, NDF, and ADF in AC diets tended to increase than in non-AC diet, however, no tendency in ruminal degradation of hemicellulose was observed. Ruminal gas production tended to increase in the AC and oak charcoal diets(P<0.05). Although there appeared some beneficial effects in adding AC to ruminant diets in this study, more works should be done with AC before we can make clear conclusion on the use of AC in the ruminant diets.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of activated charcoal (AC) and oak charcoal on the ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient utilization in Korean native goats. Compared to reference diet, digestibility of dry matter, and crude protein in AC and charcoal diets tended to incraese. However, any tendency in ruminal degradation of crude fat was not observed. Ruminal degradation of NDF in AC diets tended to be more increased than that in non-AC diet. Although it was not significant, ADF tended to be increased in AC and charcoal diets. AC and charcoal did not affect the ruminal pH and ammonia-N. Concentration of total VFA and butyrate tended to be increased by adding AC and charcoal(p<0.05). Although it was not significant, acetate/propionate ratio tended to decreased in AC and charcoal diets. Although there appeared some beneficial effects in adding AC and charcoal to ruminant diets in this study, more works could be needed with AC before we can make clear conclusion on use of AC and charcoal in the ruminant diets.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to present the potential application of tissue adhesive in the management of traumatized gingival wound in clinical dental hygiene practice. Cyanoacrylate adhesive has been used for closure of superficial laceration without suturing, which is available in periodontal and oral surgery. Small gingival or mucosal lacerations may occur by improper or excessive instrumentation of the dental hygienist during scaling and root planing procedure. In this circumstances, tissue adhesive is very effective, simple, and convenient method as an alternative to conventional wound closure by suturing. The tissue adhesive consists of monomeric n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, which polymerizes quickly in contact with tissue fluid. The sutureless treatment of gingival laceration with tissue adhesive has advantages of good esthetic results, less trauma, time saving, antibacterial and hemostatic effects. In addition, local anesthesia as well as re-visit for dressing and removal of suture are not required. Use of tissue adhesive could be beneficial to both dental hygienist and patient in the management of procedural error.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2017

A new approach to the solubilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) using alginate-quaternary ammonium complex beads was investigated under controlled mild alkaline conditions. The complex beads were prepared by the reaction of sodium alginate (SA) with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-octadecyldimethylammonium chloride (TSA) in acid solution, followed by crosslinking with $CaCl_2$. Treatment of WAS with SA-TSA complex beads was effective for enhancing the efficacy of WAS solubilization. The highest value of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration (3,900 mg/L) was achieved after 10 days of treatment with 30% (v/v) SA-TSA complex beads. The WAS solubilization efficacy of the complex beads was also evaluated by estimating the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The maximum value of VFAs was 2,961 mg/L, and the overall proportions of VFAs were more than 75% of SCOD. The main components of VFAs were acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, and butyric acids. These results suggest that SA-TSA complex beads might be useful for enhancing the solubilization of WAS. The potential use of VFAs as the external carbon substrate for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by a mixed microbial culture (MMC) was also examined. The enrichment of PHA-accumulating MMC could be achieved by periodic feeding of VFAs generated from WAS in a sequencing batch reactor. The composition of PHA synthesized from VFAs mainly consisted of 3-hydroxybutyrate. The maximum PHA content accounted for 25.9% of dry cell weight. PHA production by this process is considered to be promising since it has a doubly beneficial effect on the environment by reducing the amount of WAS and concomitantly producing an eco-friendly biopolymer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 1989

AS a part of investigation to use anchovy more effectively as food source, this work was undertaken the processing conditions of extracts from rapid fermented anchovy sauce. To prepare rapid fermented products, the chopped anchovy was mixed with 50% water (w/w), and then hydrolyzed by autolysis or addition of koji under different conditions of hydrolysis. The optimal conditions for hydrolysis of chopped anchovy were revealed $50^{\circ}C$, 6 hours, pH 8.0 by autolysis, and ,$50^{\circ}C$, 6 hours, pH 7.0 by addition of 10% koji, respectively. But, pH control was not much beneficial in increasing yield. The effect of soybean protein isolote for improvement of bitter taste was also tested. The reasonable amount of added soybean protein isolate was revealed 5% on the weight basis of the chopped anchovy. The reaction mixture hydrolyzed under optimal conditions were added with 1% onion powder (w/w), 1% garlic powder(w/w) and 1% red pepper powder(w/w) for masking fishy odor, inactivated for 20 min at $100^{\circ}C$, and then centrifuged for 20 min at 4,000 rpm. The supernatant liquor was filtrated and evaporated to 50%(v/v). finally, table salt was added for bateriostatic effect and characteristic taste of rapid fermented products. the reasonable amount of added table salt was reversed 15% on the volume basis of the evaporated liquor. The hydrolysis ratio of product made by addition of water, product made by addition of koji and water, and product made by addition of soybean protein isolate, koji and water hydrolyzed under optimal conditions were 58.4%, 82.1% and 86.2%, respectively.