• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to measure the moderating effect of belief homogeneity on the relation-ships among attitudinal ambivalence, behavior intention and consumption behavior. The questionnaire, which consisted of items to measure the constructs of belief homogeneity, attitudinal ambivalence, behavior intention and consumption behavior, were completed by 338 subjects in Jeonnam area. Moderated regression analysis was used to measure the moderating effect of belief homogeneity. To test validity and reliability of constructs, factor analysis and Cronbach's $\alpha$ were used in this study. Results of the study demonstrated that the moderated regression analysis result for the data also indicated a better model fit in Model 2 than Model 1. In the Model 1, the main effects of behavior intention and attitudinal ambivalence on consumption behavior were statistically significant. In the Model 2, the main effects of behavior intention, belief homogeneity and attitudinal ambivalence on consumption behavior were statistically significant. The interactional effects of belief homogeneity$\times$attitudinal ambivalence on consumption behavior were statistically significant. Moreover, the effects of attitudinal ambivalence on consumption behavior were statistically significant at all levels of belief homogeneity, except for when homogeneity was high.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.59-81
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of early childhood science education instruction through the implementation of science teaching methods and science teaching attitudes of preschool teachers. Methods: This study was conducted on 52 female students in the early childhood education department of Early Childhood Science Education at G university in Gyeongbuk province. The data collected in this study were analyzed through reliability analysis, carbon scanners verification, and homogeneity verification; ANCOVA was used to verify the effectiveness of the program. Results: First, the results showed that the post-test belief of science teaching methods of the experimental group were significantly different than that of the control group. Second, the results showed that the post-test scores of science teaching attitudes of the experimental group were significantly higher than that of the control group. Conclusion/Implications: This study suggests that there were positive influences of early childhood science education instruction through the field practice on the belief of science teaching methods and science teaching attitudes of preschool teachers.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.105-120
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• 2020

This study helps infant teachers practice a constructivism-based teacher education program that supports infant mathematical inquiry activities and examines improvements in mathematical teaching knowledge, mathematical teaching initiatives, mathematical interaction, constructivism belief and mathematical teaching efficacy. Twenty two experiment group infant teachers and twenty two comparison group infant teachers were chosen at two workforce educare centers. The experiment group infant teachers participated in 18 sessions of a constructivism teacher training program for 8 weeks, but the comparison group infant teachers did not take part in the program. Pretest and post-tests were implemented for the mathematical teaching knowledge, mathematical teaching initiatives, mathematical interactions, constructivism belief and mathematical teaching efficacy in the experiment group. Independent sample t-test and ANCOVA were tested using Windows SPSS statistics 21.0. The homogeneity test for the experiment and comparison group revealed significant differences. ANCOVA was carried out after the pretest score was controlled as a co-variance. Significant differences were indicated in mathematical teaching knowledge, mathematical teaching initiative, mathematical interaction, constructivism belief and mathematical teaching efficacy. The results indicated that a constructivism-based teacher education program to support infant mathematical inquiry activities influenced improvements in mathematical teaching knowledge, mathematical teaching initiative, mathematical interaction, constructivism belief and mathematical teaching efficacy. This study proved the effects of the program based on constructivism theory content for the knowledge, skills and attitude about infant teaching of mathematical initiatives and practiced a program of exploration, investigation, application and assessment for infant teachers. The results can help infant teachers teach mathematical exploration activities and help activate infant mathematical exploration activities.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.111-124
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of restorative family circles (RFCs) on empowerment and family support for people with mental illness, and the belief system and caring experience of their families. Methods: This study used a quasi-experiment with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest non-synchronized design. Ninety-two dyads of patient-family caregivers were recruited using convenience sampling and assigned to the experimental and control groups. The subjects of the experimental group participated in RFCs consisting of eight 90-minute sessions. Data were collected at three different times (pretest, posttest, follow-up test) and analyzed for the effects of RFC using the 𝑥² test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test for homogeneity between groups, and generalized estimating equation models. Results: The findings of this study showed that there were significant differences in the family support for people with mental illness between the pretest and follow-up test, and also in the belief system and caring experience of the family between the pretest and posttest. Conclusion: This study revealed that family interventions based on restorative justice emphasizing community-driven conflict management could be used in psychiatric mental health nursing care for fostering a cohesive family relationship.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1087-1102
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• 1999

Diabetes mellitus, a universal and prevalent chronic disease, is projected to be one of the most formidable worldwide health problems in the 21st century. For those living with diabetes, there is a need for self-care skills to manage a complex medical regimen. Self-efficacy which refers to one's belief in his/her capability to monitor and perform the daily activities required to manage diabetes has be found to be related to self-care. The concept of self-efficacy comes from social cognitive theory which maintains that cognitive mechanism mediate the performance of behavior. The literature cites several research studies which show a strong relationship between self-efficacy and self-care behavior. Meta-analysis is a technique that enables systematic review and quantitative integration of the results from multiple primary studies that are relevant to a particular research question. Therefore, this study was done using meta-analysis to quantitatively integrate the results of independent research studies to obtain numerical estimates of the overall effect of a self-efficacy with diabetic patient on self-care behaviors. The research proceeded in three stages : 1) literature search and retrieval of studies in which self-efficacy was related to self-care, 2) coding, and 3) calculation of mean effect size and data analysis. Seventeen studies which met the research criteria included study population of adults with diabetes, measures of self-care and measures of self-efficacy as a predictive variable. Computation of effect size was done on DSTAT which is a statistical computer program specifically designed for meta-analysis. To determine the effect of self-efficacy on self-care practice homogeneity tests were conducted. Pooled effect size estimates, to determine the best subvariable for composite variables, metabolic control variables and component of self-efficacy and self-care, indicated that the effect of self-efficacy composite on self-care composite was moderate to large. The weighted mean effect size of self-efficacy composite and self-care composite were ＋.76 and the confidence interval was from ＋.66 to ＋.86 with the number of subjects being 1,545. The total for this meta-analysis result showed that the weighted mean effect sizes ranged from ＋.70 to ＋1.81 which indicates a large effect. But since reliabilities of the instruments in the primary studies were low or not stated, caution must be applied in unconditionally accepting the results from these effect sizes. Meta-analysis is a useful took for clarifying the status of knowledge development and guiding decision making about future research and this study confirmed that there is a relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in patients with diabetes. It, thus, provides support for nurses to promote self-efficacy in their patients. While most of the studies included in this meta-analysis used social cognitive theory as a framework for the study, some studies use Fishbein & Ajzen's attitude model as a model for active self-care. Future research is needed to more fully define the concept of self-care and to determine what it is that makes patients feel competent in their self-care activities. The results of this study showed that self-efficacy can promote self-care. Future research is needed with experimental design to determine nursing interventions that will increase self-efficacy.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.935-946
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• 2016

This study aims to explore cognitive biases relating the core competences of science and instructional strategy in reducing the level of cognitive biases. The literature review method was used to explore cognitive biases and science education experts discussed the relevance of cognitive biases to science education. Twenty nine cognitive biases were categorized into five groups (limiting rational causal inference, limiting diverse information search, limiting self-regulated learning, limiting self-directed decision making, and category-limited thinking). The cognitive biases in limiting rational causal inference group are teleological thinking, availability heuristic, illusory correlation, and clustering illusion. The cognitive biases in limiting diverse information search group are selective perception, experimenter bias, confirmation bias, mere thought effect, attentional bias, belief bias, pragmatic fallacy, functional fixedness, and framing effect. The cognitive biases in limiting self-regulated learning group are overconfidence bias, better-than-average bias, planning fallacy, fundamental attribution error, Dunning-Kruger effect, hindsight bias, and blind-spot bias. The cognitive biases in limiting self-directed decision-making group are acquiescence effect, bandwagon effect, group-think, appeal to authority bias, and information bias. Lastly, the cognitive biases in category-limited thinking group are psychological essentialism, stereotyping, anthropomorphism, and outgroup homogeneity bias. The instructional strategy to reduce the level of cognitive biases is disused based on the psychological characters of cognitive biases reviewed in this study and related science education methods.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.53-73
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate social distance and attitude toward migrants's citizenship in Korea, a society with increasing cultural diversity. Using data from the 'Multiculturalism and Social Integration Survey' conducted by Academy of Korean Studies in 2008, this study analyzes three main issues: social distance between Koreans and foreigners, perception of the bases of national identity, and attitude toward migrants' citizenship and the causal factors of the attitude. The results show that social distances between Koreans and African Blacks/Arabs are significantly larger than those between Koreans and other ethnic or racial groups. But the relatively large social distances between Koreans and South-East Asians/North Korean defectors poses a more serious challenge to Korean society, since South-East Asians and North Korean defectors have comprised ever bigger part of migrants in Korea. The civil element is found to be more important base of national identity than the cultural or the ethnic bases, and there exists a strong negative attitude toward dual nationality. The results of regression analysis suggest that the potential of global citizenship for migrants will be realized by expanding universalism for basic human rights and awareness of the civil base of national identity on the one hand, and by minimizing the strong belief in ethnic homogeneity and the negative attitude toward dual nationality on the other hand.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.499-512
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• 2000

The number of deliveries by cesarean section has increased internationally. However, The cesarean section rate is different by country to country. It is because each country has different social and cultural background and. practices its unique delivery policies. Hence, it is very important to understand the uniqueness that one country faces related with the cesarean section. In Korea, there have been many researches on the clinical. maternal. hospital and community factors and so on. However, few studies have attempted to reveal the physician factors in Korea because it is difficult to approach hospital records. So, in this study, the physician factors that influence the increase of cesarean section rate in Korea was investigated, and preliminary research agenda for policy establishment to keep the cesarean section rate from excessive increase was provided. In this study, all 2744 cesarean section deliveries performed by 36 physicians at the hospital was considered. and detailed delivery records of 12 months selected randomly from January 1996 to August 1998 was reviewed retrospectively. Chi-square analysis is used to examine the homogeneity of distribution of maternal, fetal, and clinical factors. In addition, multiple regression analysis is used to examine the effect of physician characteristics on the cesarean section rate. Physician characteristics as independent variable and the cesarean section rate as dependent variable was put in this analysis. Follows are the results of this study. 1) Total cesarean section rate is 34.8%. primary cesarean section rate is 12.5 % and repeated cesarean section rate is 22.3 %. Among the indications for the primary cesarean section, 15.6 % is for breech presentation. 40.2 % is for dystocia. 7.6 % is for fetal distress. and 36.6 % is for others. 2) There is positive correlation between physician's age and the cesarean section rate (p<0.001). And statistically significant correlation is found between the physician's educational attainment and the cesarean section rate (p<0.001). A physician with Ph.D degree has lower cesarean section rate than a physician with B.A only and M.A. degree (p<0.001). However. physician's gender, location of graduated university. position at the hospital, and the religious belief were not shown statistically significant relations with the cesarean section rate. 3) Among all cesarean sections in this study, only 15.4 % is performed during weekend. While 18.2 % is performed on monday only. This suggests that physicians may not prefer weekend operation of cesarean section. In addition, 86.1 % among all cesarean section operations is performed from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. So the cesarean section rate could be related with a day of the week and a time of the day. From this results. there is a possibility that the physicians' personal comfort may influence the cesarean section rate.