• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2011

Objectives : This study explored the clinical differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Methods : Participants were 49 children and adolescents with ages between 6 and 18 years. These subjects were placed into 2 groups: ADHD without DCD (24) and ADHD with DCD (25). We used several evaluation tools on both groups: the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean Version (K-SADS-PL), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-IIII), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and Bruininks-Osretsky Test of Motor (BOT-2). Results : Patients with both ADHD and DCD had a lower performance intelligence quotient and more internal and external behavioral symptoms than patients with ADHD but not DCD. It is possible that patients with ADHD and motor coordination problems should be noticed earlier and given intensive treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2017

Objectives: The study aimed to identify the characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that was not diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but only in adulthood. Methods: The characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood were compared with those of patients diagnosed in childhood were assessed via a retrospective review of the medical records at one university hospital from 2005 to 2013. If the age at which they were confirmed as having ADHD was less than 19 years old, they were grouped as childhood-diagnosed group (CD); if they were 19 years old or more, they were grouped as adulthood-diagnosed group (AD). Results: The CD and AD included 50 (46.3%) and 58 (53.7%) patients, respectively. Inattention was the most common symptom in both groups. Behavioral and emotional problems were the second most frequent symptoms in the CD and AD, respectively. The intelligent quotient was significantly higher in the AD than in the CD. The most common comorbidity was depression in the CD and personality disorder in the AD. The most common reason for visiting the hospital was referral by acquaintances in the CD and media coverage in the AD. Conclusion: Clinicians should put ADHD on the index of suspicion when they examine adults with various psychiatric symptoms, because the diagnosis of ADHD might have been missed in childhood and the symptoms of ADHD might have changed as they grew up.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.35-45
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of modified Interactive Metronome (IM) program which is applicable to clinical practice based on the IM protocol on the behavioral symptoms, timing and motor function of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Method : This study used one-group pretest-posttest research design. 13 ADHD children aged 7-12 years in Busan were participated in this study. The participants were underwent 24 sessions of 30 minutes intervention, 3 times a week. Evaluations were performed before- and after the intervention. Measurements used in this study were Korean-ADHD Rating Scale for behavior symptom, Long Form Assessment (LFA) for the timing, and second version of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2) for the motor function. Results : There was a significant improvement in hyperactivity / impulsivity among the behavioral symptoms, and there was a statistically significant improvement in timing, hand coordination, and body coordination. Conclusion : Modified IM program for clinical application has significant effect on improving behavioral symptoms, timing and motor function of children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.199-206
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• 2013

Objectives : Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Asperger's disorder (AD) in children are associated with attentional problems, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and difficulties with social interactions. Pharmacological treatment may alleviate symptoms of ADHD, but seldom solves difficulties with social interactions. Social skills training (SST) may assist in improving their social interactions. We examined the effects of SST on children's social competences, general behavior, and ADHD symptoms. Methods : Thirty four children, aged 7 to 12 years, participated in the cognitive behavioral SST program once a week at the outpatient division of child-adolescent psychiatry. SST was composed of 24 sessions (ninety minutes) for 6 months. Twenty-five children were diagnosed with ADHD, and 9 children were diagnosed with AD. Parents of the children rated Korea-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), Conner's rating scales, Korean-ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS), Social Skill Rating System (SSRS), and Matson's Social Skill Rating Scale as an evaluation of the treatment effect, before the first session and after the final session of the training. Results : The ADHD group showed significantly increased scores of social and social competence of CBCL and SSRS. Further, scores of externalizing problems of CBCL, CRS, and ARS were significantly decreased. The Asperger's group showed significantly increased scores of social competence of CBCL, SSRS, and MESS. There was a significant difference of the improvement in CBCL's school and total behavior problem score, CRS between drug change group and no drug change group. Conclusion : The result of this study suggests that SST is effective in improving social skills for children with ADHD and AD. In addition, SST has shown its effectiveness in treating attentional problems for children with ADHD. To prove objective usefulness of SST, further studies with a more structured design and long-term duration along with a sufficient number of AD participants will be necessary.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2013

Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the association between the children's psychopathology and age, intellectual quotient, and parental psychopathology in children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: The emotional and behavioral problems of 35 children with PTSD (23 boys, 12 girls, mean age, $10.26{\pm}2.47$ years) were investigated by retrospective chart review. Their parents' anxiety and depression symptoms were also investigated. We examined the correlations between children's psychopathology and their parents' anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as their age and IQ. Results: There were positive correlations between maternal trait anxiety and depression, and children's emotional problems. State and trait anxiety of children with PTSD were positively correlated with age, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms were negatively correlated with age. Conclusion: Our results suggest that psychiatric manifestation of children who experienced trauma could differ according to the development stage, and the treatment of children with PTSD should involve parental education about the effect of maternal emotional states on children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.127-131
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• 2019

Many neurologic disorders manifest as psychiatric symptoms. Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune disease of the brain characterized by numerous neurological and psychiatric features. Despite being rare, its prevalence is rapidly increasing and early management is critical in ensuring successful and sustainable recovery. Therefore, the illness should be considered as a differential diagnosis when clinically assessing patients. This report presents a case of a female child who was hospitalized for acute psychiatric manifestations, which was later confirmed as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. She recovered relatively successfully after combined neurological and psychiatric treatment. This report provides information on the clinical course of early onset anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, including treatment strategy and prognosis.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.287-299
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• 2005

Dissociative disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a sudden loss of memory, but which has no organic disease or explanation. It usually occurs after heavy psychosocial stress or traumatic experience. A transient cerebral ischemic attack (TIA) is an acute episode of temporary and focal loss of cerebral function of vascular origin. TIAs are rapid in onset; symptoms reach their maximal manifestation in fewer than 5 minutes. Manifestations are of variable duration and typically last 2-15 minutes(rarely as long as 24 h). Most TIA durations are less than 1 hour. Of concern is the careful detection of changes in behavior, speech, gait, memory, movement, and vision. TIAs are uncommon in persons younger than 60 years. I treat 6 cases of Sudden Temporary Amnesia Patients with oriental medicine and they are improved. All of them had amnesia for $6{\sim}10\;hours$. During that time, they show behavioral changes and they are not on the state of unconsciousness. After recovery, they also forget what happen at the time. they have some emotional reason too. In conclusion, 4 cases of them belong to dissociative disorder and 2 other cases, TIA.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.84-95
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• 2017

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that begins in early childhood and can persist throughout adulthood. ADHD causes difficulties in various area of life, such as academic achievement, peer relationships, family functioning, employment and marriage. Although ADHD is known to respond well to medication, such treatment is more effective when combined with psychosocial (non-pharmacologic) therapy in terms of alleviating the core symptoms and improving appropriate functions. Psychosocial treatment interventions are divided into psychoeducation, behavioral parent training, school intervention, cognitive behavior therapy, social skill training, parent-child interaction therapy, play therapy, other treatments (coaching, complementary and alternative medicine), neurofeedback and Cogmed. Adult ADHD cognitive behavioral therapy is described separately. These practice parameters summarize the evidence for psychosocial treatment. Based on this evidence, specific recommendations are provided for psychosocial interventions.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.317-327
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of occlusion patterns using the T-scan $III^{(R)}$ system and oral parafunctional behaviors on temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) in female college students. Methods: A questionnaire survey assessed TMD symptoms and oral behavioral checklist (OBC) scores in 120 female college students in their early twenties. Occlusion was evaluated using the T-scan $III^{(R)}$ system. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between occlusion and OBC scores based on patients' symptoms of TMD and to determine whether OBC scores were a predictor of TMD. Results: A total of 101 participants with an average age of 22 (${\pm}2.17$) years were included in the analysis. The reported symptoms of TMD were categorized as moderate (28.8%), slight (27.7%), severe (25.7%), and asymptomatic (17.8%). Occlusion was analyzed using the T-scan $III^{(R)}$ system, and the mean occlusion time was 0.42(${\pm}0.5$) seconds. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the group that would 'clench or grind teeth' during sleep showed an odds ratio for TMD that was 8.9 times higher than that in the group without this behavior. The group that would 'hold, tighten, or tense muscles without clenching' while awake showed an odds ratio for TMD that was 21.3 times higher than that in the group without this behavior. Conclusions: We confirmed that oral parafunctional behavior affects TMD. Therefore, we would like to continue studying the diagnosis and treatment of TMD by evaluating occlusion patterns and related OBC scores.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2021

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures neural activation due to various cognitive processes. EEG and event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely used in studies investigating psychopathology and neural substrates of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to review recent ERP studies in child and adolescent psychiatry. ERPs are non-invasive methods for studying synaptic functions in the brain. ERP might be a candidate biomarker in child-adolescent psychiatry, considering its ability to reflect cognitive and behavioral functions in humans. For the EEG study of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents, several ERP components have been used, such as mismatch negativity, P300, error-related negativity (ERN), and reward positivity (RewP). Regarding executive functions and inhibition in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), P300 latency, and ERN were significantly different in patients with ADHD compared to those in the healthy population. ERN showed meaningful changes in patients with anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Patients with depression showed significantly attenuated RewP compared to the healthy population, which was related to the symptoms of anhedonia.