• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2019

Vespid wasps (Vespa spp.) are the most noxious pests on apiculture, resulting in significant economic losses. Early monitoring and management are the first step to prevent the damages from vespid wasps. In this study, the acoustic signals from wasps and honey bees were measured by a microphone with a preamplifier and an analog-digital converter. In frequency analysis of the acoustic signals from wasps and honey bees, there were differences between the two species. While the fundamental frequency of the wasps was analyzed to be about 100 Hz with the strong harmonic frequencies, that of the honey bees was about 200~250 Hz. The 2nd harmonic signals from wasp were strongest while the fundamental ones from honey bees were. These different sound features generated by wasps or honey bees might be applied to develop the early monitoring system of the incursion of wasps to the apiary.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.240-244
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• 2002

Argument alternation in English sentences such as “load hay onto the truck" vs. “load the truck with hay" or “Bees are swarming in the. garden" vs. “The garden swarms with bees" present an interesting dilemma for linguistic theory in several ways. Along with each kind of syntactic rearrangement of arguments goes a subtle but significant and systematic change in the verb's meaning. This has been called as different terminology such as “Double-faced", “Verbal diathesis", and most commonly as “Argument alternation", Dowty adopts terminology: Agent-subject (A-subject) form and Location-subject (L-subject) form in referring the two kinds of sentences and analyses as well as describes their different properties. In this paper, I basically follow the Dowty(200l)'s assumption while surveying several linguists's analysis and show its theoretical adequacy. and show its theoretical adequacy.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.152-162
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• 2021

Background: Recent declines in bee populations, along with increasing demand for pollination services in urban, agricultural, and natural environments, have led to strategies to attract wild bees to these areas. One of these strategies is installing artificial nests adjacent to urban gardens and agricultural farms. Bee hotels and nest boxes are among the artificial nests used by gardeners and farmers to attract pollinators. In this paper, we reviewed 50 studies that reported the efficiency of nest boxes and bee hotels in attracting bees. We considered the maximum occupation rate (percentage) as the main index to evaluate the efficiency of artificial nests. Results: The maximum occupation rate of bee hotels was higher in farms (averaged 44.1%) than in forests (averaged 30.3%) and urban (averaged 38.3%) environments. In the case of nest boxes, most studies reported efficiencies of less than 20%, with an occupation rate of 16% and 5.5% on average in forest and urban environments respectively. However, our meta-analysis results showed that there was no significant relationship between the occupation rate of the nests and their installation place. Regression analysis also showed that the structural features of bee hotels (length and diameter) and nest boxes (volume and entrance size) did not affect their efficiency in attracting bees. Conclusion: Our data showed that the strategy of installing artificial nests to attract pollinators is successful only concerning bee hotels, and the use of nest boxes has not been very successful.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2019

Bee's population is declining and disappearing at alarming rate. There are many factors responsible for declining the population of bees including diseases, natural enemies, environmental conditions and pesticides. Insecticides play its role dramatically for their population decline and neonicotinoid insecticides are critically important due to their wide application for pest control. Keeping in view of above problem, effect of neonicotinoid insecticides on olfactory learning behavior in Apis mellifera was observed using Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER) method. In this method, bees were harnessed in centrifuges tubes and feed on insecticides mixed sugar solution after three hours hunger. Bees were checked by feeding on non-treated sugar solution to observe PER response. Minimum proboscis extension was observed for acetamiprid and imidacloprid with 26% and 20% respectively at their recommend field doses while it was maximum for dinotefuran and thiamethoxam with 73% and 60% respectively. Only 40% bees showed response when exposed at 1/10 concentration of field dose for imidacloprid and the least at 1/100 of field dose. At control (Sugar solution) about 90% bees showed PER response. Among these neonicotinoid insecticides tested, imidacloprid and acetamiprid were the most damaging which impaired the olfactory learning performance in Apis mellifera.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.269-275
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• 2018

Beekeeping status of Apis cerana with emphasis of experiences overcoming sacbrood virus disease are presented. Social bee fauna are rich in Vietnam with 6 honeybee species (Apis laboriosa, Apis dorsata, Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis andrenifomis, Apis florea); 8 stingless bee species (Trigona laeviceps, Trigona ventralis, Trigona pagdeni, Trigona gressitti, Trigona fuscobalteata, Trigona capenteri, Trigona scintillans Trigona iridipenis) and 2 bumble bee species (Bumbus haemorrhoidalis, B. breviceps). All of them are native except A. mellifera which was introduced in1887. These bees are slated for conservation by the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development. Honey and other bee products are mainly harvested from 3 species including A. cerana, A. mellifera and A. dorsata. The manageable species (A. cerana and A. mellifera) are increasing in number, reaching about 1,500,000 beehives. Vietnam is the second largest honey exporter in Asia, with a total of about 48,000 tons of honey exported to the international market in 2014. A. cerana plays an important role in poverty alleviation in mountainous and remote areas of Vietnam. Honeybee suffers from various diseases of Sacbrood virus disease (SBV), European foulbrood (EFB), Nosema, and parasitic mites of Tropilaelaps mercedes and Varroa destructor. Most of these diseases can be resolved with biocontrol methods. For the parasitic mites, Vietnamese beekeepers usually apply formic acid.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 2022

Recently, due to rapid climate change, the population of honey bees has decreased, posing a great threat to the existence of the Earth's ecosystem. In particular, the colony collapse phenomenon in which bees disappeared nationwide in early 2022 had devastating consequences for beekeepers. In order to solve the problems of beekeeping due to climate change, it is urgent to develop a system that can monitor the situation inside the hive through various IoT sensors. This paper develops a system that can measure the activity of bees inside the hive and uses it to measure the number of times of entry and exit of the hive. The data measured by the developed system can be monitored in real time on a smartphone through the cloud server. The system developed in this paper can monitor the ecology of bees according to climate change and measure internal and external bee activities. Using this method, it is possible to check in advance for the colony collapse phenomenon in which bees disappeared in early 2022. This is very meaningful in that it presents an alternative that can identify the cause of the problem through early detection.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.448-454
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• 2018

Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm has attracted significant interests recently for solving the multivariate optimization problem. However, it still faces insufficiency of slow convergence speed and poor local search ability. Therefore, in this paper, a modified ABC algorithm with bees' number reallocation and new search equation is proposed to tackle this drawback. In particular, to enhance solution accuracy, more bees in the population are assigned to execute local searches around food sources. Moreover, elite vectors are adopted to guide the bees, with which the algorithm could converge to the potential global optimal position rapidly. A series of classical benchmark functions for frequency-modulated sound waves are adopted to validate the performance of the modified ABC algorithm. Experimental results are provided to show the significant performance improvement of our proposed algorithm over the traditional version.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.433-439
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• 2019

Artificial bee colony algorithm is a strong global search algorithm which exhibits excellent exploration ability. The conventional ABC algorithm adopts employed bees, onlooker bees and scouts to cooperate with each other. However, its one dimension and greedy search strategy causes slow convergence speed. To enhance its performance, in this paper, we abandon the greedy selection method and propose an artificial bee colony algorithm with special division and intellective search (ABCIS). For the purpose of higher food source research efficiency, different search strategies are adopted with different employed bees and onlooker bees. Experimental results on a series of benchmarks algorithms demonstrate its effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 1976

Experimental approaches on the effectiveness of thimerosal to control growth of Nosema apis (Zander, 1909) were carried out in the rearing honey bees. The rearing honey bees were artificially infected with various levels of spore isolated from local honey bees. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In the experiments of therapeutic chemicals for Nosema disease, 0.01% and 0.02% thimerosal of sucrose-honey mixture was the most effective agent but the each concentration of amprolium, furazolidone, hygiene, sulfadimethoxine and terramycin did not show the any effects 2. It showed very high therapeutic effectiveness (over than 90%) that the treatment of three times every other day after the treatment of three times consecutive every day with 0.01% thimerosal, or the treatment of three times consecutive every day with 0.02% thimerosal. 3. When 0.02% thimerosal was administered three times consecutive every day to honey bees at the 4th day before artificial inoculation of N. apis, it showed very high degree (100%) of prevalence control effectiveness, and it also showed high degree (over than 90%) in administration at the 7th day before, and over than 80% at the 10th day before. Then authors found that thimerosal has the prevalence control effectiveness as well as the treatment effectiveness. 4. In the rearing honey bee colony, 0.02% thimerosal showed the high degree (over than 80%) of therapeutic effectiveness with the various levels which contained from the light decree of infection to the severe degree of it.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 1975

The experiments were conducted to isolate the etiogical agent and to survey the distribution of Nosema disease in honey bees. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The etiological agent of the so-called "crawling disease" in honey bees characterized by the symptoms of crawling, diarrhea, and enteritis etc. was first isolated and identified with Nosema apis (Zander 1909) in Korea. 2. 455 colonies were randomely sampled and surveyed in 4,766 bee colonies out of 56 apiaries and 51 colonies (11.2%) out of 455 bee colonies were infected with N, apis. 3. Infection rates according to the period of honeyflow as follows: Brassica napus (Apr.): 25/130 colonies (18.4%) Rohinia pseudoacacia (May) : 8/55 colonies (14.%) Trifolium repels(Jun.): 15/99 colonies (13.6%) Castanea crenate (Jul.): 3/46 colonies (6.5%) Lespedeza bicolor(Aug.): 0/60 colonies (-) Fagopyrumesculentum(Sept.) & Perilla frutescens(Oct.) 0/65 colonies (-) 4. The typical clinical signs of Nosema disease were appeared on loth day after N. apis was orally administered with the level of $16{\times}10^4$ spores/ml to the healthy adult bees. Spores could be harvested with the level of $121{\sim}236{\times}10^4$ spores/ml on 10th day and $392{\sim}429{\times}10^4$ spores/ml on 15 days after infection. 5. In adult honey bees infected with N. apis artificially the 50% lethal day of life-span was 9 to 10 days and 100% lethal day was 16 to 19 days. However, in the control 50% lethal day was 19 to 23 days and 100% lethal day was 31 to 33 days.