• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.229-240
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• 2014

Rain events are extremely important for phosphorus (P) dynamics in rivers since large portions of annual river P loads can be transported in particulate forms during only a few major events. Despite their importance, a precise estimation of P contribution in river sediments after rainy seasons has rarely been reported. This study estimated the longitudinal variation in the concentrations of different inorganic P fractions in bed sediments of the South Han River over a rainy season, through using the sequential extraction method. Non-apatite P was the dominant form, representing more than 60% of total inorganic P (TIP) content in sediments. Although no significant variation of TIP contents was observed, the proportion of bioavailable P in TIP pools decreased after the rainy season. The concentrations of individual inorganic P fractions ($NH_4Cl-P$, $NH_4F-P$, NaOH-P, and $H_2SO_4-P$) were significantly different across sites and after the rainy season (p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA). $NH_4F-P$ and NaOH-P concentrations in sediments increased in a downstream direction. After the rainy season, $NH_4Cl-P$ concentrations in sediments decreased whereas $NH_4F-P$ and $H_2SO_4-P$ concentrations increased. The redistribution of individual P fractions in sediments observed after rainy seasons were possibly due to the changing contribution of various sources of runoff and the variation in flow related particle size. Current estimation of P in bed sediments of the South Han River suggests a lower potential of internal P loading from sediments after the rainy season.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.323-334
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• 2013

During a hypothetical core-disruptive accident (CDA) in a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), degraded core materials can form roughly conically-shaped debris beds over the core-support structure and/or in the lower inlet plenum of the reactor vessel from rapid quenching and fragmentation of the core material pool. However, coolant boiling may ultimately lead to leveling of the debris bed, which is crucial to the relocation of the molten core and heat-removal capability of the debris bed. To clarify the mechanisms underlying this self-leveling behavior, a large number of experiments were performed within a variety of conditions in recent years, under the constructive collaboration between the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and Kyushu University (Japan). The present contribution synthesizes and gives detailed comparative analyses of those experiments. Effects of various experimental parameters that may have potential influence on the leveling process, such as boiling mode, particle size, particle density, particle shape, bubbling rate, water depth and column geometry, were investigated, thus giving a large palette of favorable data for the better understanding of CDAs, and improved verifications of computer models developed in advanced fast reactor safety analysis codes.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.925-936
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• 2020

To ascertain the characteristics of pool sloshing behavior that might be encountered during a core disruptive accident of sodium-cooled fast reactors, in our earlier work several series of experiments were conducted under various scenarios including the condition with mono-sized solid particles. It is found that under the particle-bed condition, three typical flow regimes (namely the bubble-impulsion dominant regime, the transitional regime and the bed-inertia dominant regime) could be identified and a flow-regime model (base model) has been even successfully established to estimate the regime transition. In this study, aimed to further understand this behavior at more realistic particle-bed conditions, a series of simulated experiments is newly carried out using mixed-size particles. Through analyses, it is verified that for present scenario, by applying the area mean diameter, our previously-developed base model can provide the most appropriate predictive results among the various effective diameters. To predict the regime transition with a form of extension scheme, a correction factor which is based on the volume-mean diameter and the degree of convergence in particle-size distribution is suggested and validated. The conducted analyses in this work also indicate that under certain conditions, the potential separation between different particle components might exist during the sloshing process.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2000

Hot air heater with light oil burner is the most common heater for greenhouse heating in the winter season in Korea. However, since the thermal efficiency of the heater is about 80∼85%, considerable unused heat amount in the form of exhaust gas heat discharges to atmosphere. In order to capture this exhaust heat a heat recovery system for plant bed heating in the greenhouse was built and tested in the hot air heating system of greenhouse. The heat recovery system is made for plant bed or soil heating in the greenhouse. The system consisted of a heat exchanger made of copper pipes, ${\Phi}12.7{\times}0.7t$ located in the rectangular column of $330{\times}330{\times}900mm$, a water circulation pump, circulation plastic pipe and a water tank. The total heat exchanger area is 1.5$m^2$, calculated considering the heat exchange amount between flue gas and water circulated in the copper pipes. The system was attached to the exhaust gas path. The heat recovery system was designed as to even recapture the latent heat of flue gas when exposing to low temperature water in the heat exchanger. According to the performance test it could recover 45,200 to 51,000kJ/hr depending on the water circulation rates of 330 to $690\ell$/hr from the waste heat discharged. The exhaust gas temperature left the heat exchanger dropped to $100^{\circ}C$ from $270^{\circ}C$ by the heat exchange between the water and the flue gas, while water gained the difference and temperature increased to $38^{\circ}C$ from $21^{\circ}C$ at the water flow rate of $690\ell$/hr. By the feasibility test conducted in the greenhouse, the system did not encounter any difficulty in operations. And, the system could recover 220,235kJ of exhaust gas heat in a day, which is equivalent of 34% of the fuel consumption by the water boiler for plant bed heating of 0.2ha in the greenhouse.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2014

This experiment was carried out to establish the optimum cutting time, plant growth regulator, and bed-soil for rooting by greenwood cutting of Schisandra chinensis. Approximately 7 cm long-shoots of greenwood cuttings were transplanted by various cutting times, plant growth regulators, and bed-soils in the plastic-film house. The rooting rate of greenwood cutting was 12.5% in the April 5th, 73.5% in the May 8th, and 75.5% in the August 5th. The number and length of primary root in greenwood cutting were more in the early May than those in the early August. For mass propagation of Schisandra chinensis. using greenwood cutting, shoots were treated with plant growth regulators on May to increase rooting rate. Rooting rate was 100% with IAA $50mg/{\ell}$, 92.9% with NAA $100mg/{\ell}$, and NAA $1,000mg/{\ell}$, for 60 min. To select effective media for rooting, various medias for bed-soil were treated by single and mixture form for 100 days after cutting. Rooting rate was 91.8% in the single treatment of peat moss or decomposition of granite soil, and this result was better than those in other treatment. The treatment by 1 : 1 mixture of peat moss and horticulture bed soil was rooting with 94.0% best rooting rate.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2006

유동형 급속열분해기 (fluidized bed type fast pyrolyzer, 용량 400 g/h)를 이용하여 너도밤나무와 침엽수 혼합재(독일가문비나무/전나무, 50:50) 에서 바이오오일을 생산하였다. 목질바이오매스의 열분해는 약 $470{\pm}5^{\circ}C$에서 1~2초 동안 진행되었다. 목질바이오매스의 열분해 생성물의 조성은 너도밤나무의 경우 바이오오일 60%, 탄 9% 그리고 가스가 31% 정도 생산되었으며, 침엽수 혼합재는 바이오일 49%, 탄 9%, 그리고 42% 가량의 가스가 생성되었다. 두 종류의 목질바이오매스에서 생산된 바이오오일의 수분함량은 약 17~22%이었으며, 밀도는 수종에 관계없이 $1.2kg/{\ell}$이었다. 바이오오일의 원소 조성은 탄소 45%, 산소 47%, 수소 7%, 그리고 질소 1%로 일반적인 목질바이오매스와 큰 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 화석자원에서 생산되는 오일류와 비교하여 바이오일은 산소함량이 매우 높았고 황은 전혀 포함되어 있지 않았다. 바이오오일의 GC 분석 결과 총 90여종의 방향족(aromatic) 또는 비방향족(non-aromatic) 저분자량 화합물이 검출되었으며 이들의 함량은 바이오오일 전건중량의 31~33%로 분석되었다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2006년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.462-466
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• 2006

Close-to-nature stream evaluation is one of the processing to make the streams over in order to keep them natural. It is integral to evaluate and make an accurate analysis of them on the purpose of maintaining streams healthy. For many instances, there are, stream organization evaluation for restoration by German government, evaluation for ecosystem protection in natural preserves by New Zealand government, and stream-view evaluation for restoration by Britain government so on. In case of the country there are analysis and evaluation of stream physical organization by Cho, Yong-hyun, Close-to-nature stream evaluation for restoration by Kim, Dong-chan, evaluation of stream properties in korea by Park, Bong-jin. Close-to-nature evaluation by Lim, Chan-uk, that is advanced version of Park, Bong-jin's, shows form of stream including waterway curve, sand bar, diversity of flow, river bed material, diversity of minor bed, minor bed bank protection works, bank protection material. It also does environment of stream including side of minor bed vegetation, width of surface of the water/width of the river etc.. By the way, this evaluation does not have free access to apply those details above in the field, it often happens that you get various outcome from the one spot. so you must need more realistic testing method to obtain more accurate data. Remote sensing method is highly recommended because this is very useful for collecting realistic data of vegetation index. what is more, it can not only scan even the minimum area within its resolving power but also do obtain data anytime. Vegetation index indicates Ratio vegetation index, Normalized difference vegetation index, Soil adjusted vegetation index, Atmospherically resistant vegetation index etc.. The research is focusing on Cheokgwa stream which is the branch of Taehwa river and shows 19 sectioned Close-to-nature stream performed according to the method by Lim, chan-uk. Besides let you know vegetation index came from image data of satellite landsat 7 with the variation of buffering area, of the day 9. may. 2003. Of all, the outcome 0.758 at 200m buffer-zone of NDVI was the best we have got so far.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2006

티타늄 담지 구형활성탄(spherical activated carbon, SPAC)을 제조하여 유동상 광촉매 반응에 적용하고 그 특성을 평가하였다. 티타늄을 담지하기 위하여 염화티타늄용액으로 이온교환 처리된 이온교환수지를 열처리 과정을 통하여 구형활성탄으로 변환시켜 주었다. 열처리 과정 중 감량되는 성분 및 무게 변화는 TGA/MS 분석을 통하여 알아보았으며,Ti을 함유한 구형활성탄의 물리화학적 성질은 SEM, XRD, EPMA, ESR, EDS, BET와 같은 분석을 통하여 그 특성을 알아보았다. 그 결과 Ti-구형활성탄의 입자 크기는 $350{\mu}m{\sim}400{\mu}m$, 비표면적은 $617m^2/g$ 이였으며, 담지 된 티타늄은 $TiO_2$ anatase 형태와 rutile 형태가 주를 이루고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 구형활성탄에 담지 된 $TiO_2$는 약 6 wt%로 균일한 분산도로 구형활성탄 표면에 담지 된 것을 EPMA 분석을 통해 알 수 있었다. 더욱이 ESR 분석을 통하여 간접적인 광촉매 활성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 따라서 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 유동상 광반응조를 이용한 HA(humic acid) 광분해 반응에 적용하였다. 그 결과, 제거 효율이 약 70％ 정도로 높게 나타났을 뿐만 아니라 반응 중에도 Ti-구형활성탄의 강도가 계속 유지되어 유동상 반응에서의 광분해 촉매로서 활용가능성을 보여주었다.

• 물과 미래
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.49-60
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• 1991

본 연구는 청미천에서의 하천유사의 측정 및 분석에 관한 연구의 제2편으로, 청미천의 원부교 및 한평교 지점에서 채취된 하상토의 광물특성 및 오염도를 분석하였다. 하상토의 광물특성 분석결과에 의하면, 청미천의 사질유사의 주 조성 광물은 석영이며 이 밖에 장석과 암편류가 상당량 포함되어 있어, 문헌상에 알려진 유사의 일반적인 광물특성 결과와 대체로 일치하고 있다. 또한, 사질유사의 형상계수(SF)는 약 0.7로서 외곡의 경우의 \ulcorner균 형상계수와 일치하고 있다. 한편, 점토질 유사의 광물구성 성분은 illite, kaolinite, chlorite 등이며 bentonite는 함유되어 있지 않다. 유수 및 하상토의 오염분석 결과에 의하면, 지표수와 하상토내 간극수의 유기물 및 중금속의 함유량은 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 시료를 채취한 시기가 '90년 9월 대홍수 직후이며 따라서 대부분의 기존 하상토 및 간극수가 하류로 쓰려 내려가고 상류에서 유수에 씻긴 신선한 하상토가 대신 덮혔기 때문으로 추정된다. 한편, 하상토의 대부분을 차지하는 모래의 경우 하상토와 주위 경작지의 중금속 함유량이 비슷하게 나타났으나, 이토 등 미립토사의 경우는 하상토가 주위 경작지보다 특히 수은 및 아연을 훨씬 많이 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 미립토사는 wash load의 형태로 하류로 이송되어 홍수터 등에 침전되어 새로운 오염원이 될 수 있다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.742-752
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• 2015

The communications through the power lines are called as the PLC and this is a common name for the communication modes for the information delivery. This technology transmits the data through the power lines on which the information is stored with the form of high frequency signal. The characteristic of the frequency signal is that the signal can be separated from the power line through exclusive power line modem and transmitted to the terminal devices. In this paper, 'In-home Headcount' checking algorithm using Wi-Fi and taking above mentioned advantages is proposed, and the basic Technology for such Solitary Senior Citizen's Lonely Death monitoring system has been designed and implemented. The comparative analysis has been conducted in this paper with the test-operated and test bed-completed 'Hyosimi 119 Safety-Welfare System' which is still being tested since 2008. With the 'In-home Headcount Checking Algorithm', Wi-Fi connection/disconnection status and SSIDs of relevant Wi-Fis will be checked. We expect that our proposed method will become as the basic Technology which can prevent lonely deaths of elderly people living alone. Since the PLC technology can be normally implement all the functions used on internet anticipate that the technology could be applied to many areas to construct a new form of communication network.