• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.102-113
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• 2016

This study analyzes the geographic information system (GIS) and machine learning models to understand the relationship between the appearance of hibernation sites and habitats in order to systematically manage the habitat of Asiatic Black Bear(Ursus thibetanus ussuricus) inhabiting Jirisan National Park, South Korea. The most important environmental factors influencing the hibernation sites was found to be the inclination(41.4%), followed by altitude(20.4%), distance from the trail(10.9%), and age group(7.7%) in the order of their contribution. A comparison between the hibernation habitat and the normal habitat of Asiatic Black Bear indicated that the average altitude of the hibernation sites was 63m, whereas the average altitude of the normal habitat was approximately 400m. The average inclination was found to be $7^{\circ}$, and a preference for the steeper inclination of $12-43^{\circ}$ was also observed. The average distance of the hibernation site from the road was approximately 300m; the range of separation distance was found to be 1,300-2,400m. This was thought to be the result of a safer selection of winter hibernation site by preventing human contact and outside invasion. This study analyzes the habitat environmental factors for the selection of hibernation sites that prevent severe cold and other threats during the hibernation period in order to provide fundamental data for hibernation ecology and habitat management of Asiatic Black Bear.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.467-473
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• 2019

The amputation of body parts of wild animals can affect their activities in the wild and the behavior of mothers raising their cubs can cause behavioral characteristics in their offspring. In 2017, an Asiatic black bear was caught in a snare at the Jirisan National Park and had a right forefoot amputation. It was released into the wild the same year and gave birth to two cubs. The seasonal analysis of the behavioral rites of five females who gave birth in the same year as this individual showed specific home ranges, activity altitudes, and movement distances compared to other populations. Physical disabilities in the mother could lead to difficulties in food activity, hibernation, and cub-rearing, but the bear's maternal instincts helped to overcome difficulties in the wild and ensure the cubs' survival. It also became a special experience in the process of promoting the restoration of Asiatic black bears at Jirisan National Park. Although the Asiatic black bear's cubs, which grew up in difficult conditions compared to other populations, are not currently causing problems, continuous monitoring will help determine the success of the disabled mother cub-rearing study. Furthermore, these case studies will be used to establish long-term management directions and plans for conflicts with people from various perspectives.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.246-258
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• 2009

This study was conducted for behavioral characteristic analysis of the Asiatic Black Bear in a limited space. Behaviors of eight Asiatic Black Bears were classified into 13 normal stances and locomotor activities, 15 normal maintenance behaviors, 9 locomotory compulsive behaviors, 2 non-locomotory compulsive behaviors through the 3 years of monitoring. The bears had originally been released into the Jiri National Park for Asiatic Black Bear Restoration Project and were withdrawn again because of several reasons such as habituation to humans, and apiary damage. Through the monitoring of 6 hours per day during 3 months, classified behaviors were analyzed based on sex, age, observing month, observing timing, captivity period, and captive form. The total rate of stereotypic behaviors was $26.51{\pm}13.38%$. Among these, RA(Rest_A) was rated high as $47.32{\pm}18.32%$. In addition, SP(Standard pace), HR(Head rear), EP(Extended pace) were most frequently observed behaviors. The time budget of TFS(Two feet stand), SA(Sniff_A) and SB(Sniff_B) on females and younger individuals were relatively higher than male and older individuals. So we confirmed that females and younger individuals had more wariness and curiosity. As the period of captivity took longer, the rate of stereotypic behaviors was higher and more stereotypic behaviors were observed in the afternoon. At night, behaviors related with resting like Rest-A, Rest-B, Lying down, Lying on abdomen, Sitting were more frequently observed. We concluded that the captive state could affect the behaviors of Asiatic Black Bear and long term research should be necessary.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.865-873
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• 2016

Since 2004, Asiatic Black Bear of the Jirisan National Park is subjected to the restoration project through the re-introduction by the Maritime Province of Siberia in Russia, North Korea, Northeastern part of China and Seoul Grand Park. The purpose of this study is to analyze diets with scat to identify Asiatic Black Bear's feeding habit and eating resources environment in the Jirisan National Park. 78 scats of Asiatic Black Bears were observed during the field studies of radio telemetry-marked bears and by chance in the Jrisan National Park, from 2005 to 2013. The relative frequency of occurrence demonstrated that the plants comprised the highest with 77%, followed by insects with 12.8%, mammals with 5.6%, birds with 0.5%, arthropoda with 0.5%, and others with 3.6%. Also, 52 scats among the collected scats that were measured for the ratio of food were subjected to dry weight, and plants were the highest with 91.2%, followed by mammals with 3.6%, insects with 1.0% and others with 4.2% in the order mentioned. Asiatic Black Bear's feed research demonstrated that the Asiatic Black Bear at Jirisan is omnivorous and that the vegetable food is the main feed instead of animal feed.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.41-47
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• 2011

This study was carried out to provide basic information for assessment conditions as habitat to conserve and restore asiatic black bear released in Jirisan National Park. The field investigation at Piagol, Bitjeom, Jangdanggol, Baemsagol, Chilseon valley, and Hanshin valley which checked for habitat of released asiatic black bear were conducted from 2008 to 2010. There were no obvious differences in home range size of asiatic black bear by study year. The seasonal home ranges were analyzed $25.64km^2$ for males and $17.57km^2$ for female in spring, $73.02km^2$ for males and $27.45km^2$ for females in summer, $41.58km^2$ for males and $13.26km^2$ for females in fall, and $6.11km^2$ for males and $2.89km^2$ for females in winter based on 95% Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method, respectively. In average elevation by gender of asiatic black bear, the male was higher than the female. respectively. Average elevation by season were $894{\pm}33m$ in spring, $852{\pm}20m$ in summer, $985{\pm}67m$ in fall, and $996{\pm}26m$ in winter, respectively.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.33
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• pp.153-172
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• 2013

There are many cases that messages of boring contents of most contents with public interests appear on the surface. Audiences don't think these contents are interesting. It is true that animations cannot be generally boring when delivering messages of public interests. was produced to focus on making audiences experience that a global warming story, the boring and textbook contents is interesting. And it was composed by the multiform story to realize narration through audiences' participation by utilizing the characteristics of live windows, not just watching the animation. This paper examines the differences between theaters and live window through the case that was produced and examples which utilized interaction for audiences' participation based on this. It analyzes the differences between environments according to characteristics of places and audiences in the differences between the theaters and live window, examines the examples to utilize interaction focusing on the process that narration is gradually changed as response to user environment design and interaction for unspecified individuals, and suggests direction that animation should move forward as public art based on the results to show the animation in Millano Piazza. According to the characteristics of live windows, the audiences of are people in the streets who are heading for different destinations, not the ones who come to theaters to watch the animation. Showing the animation with narration to them was a new attempt. When it began to show it in Millano Piazza, the audiences were very satisfied with the experiences that the stories were changed as they participated in it by themselves and naturally thought of global warming problems. You cannot know how the message of change people's habits and thoughts for the present, but this attempt was an opportunity that animations play the social role. Many animations are being produced in the world. Most of them are being done to aim at theaters, TVs, and film festivals. They should meet audiences through more various methods. One of them is animations as public art. And can be the new attempt in this sense. And in the future, animations as public art should make efforts to show you interesting experiences that you can share thoughts to be able to live together. As art of various media is changing to the one which considers public interests, animations can be new types of public art by integrating them with various technologies.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.22
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• pp.36.1-36.1
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• 1997

• The Monthly Technology and Standards
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• s.82
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• pp.44-50
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• 2008

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.60
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• pp.27-46
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• 2013

The Incoterms and United Nations Convention on Contract for the international Sales of Goods(CISG) allocate a risk in their articles. These rules make a decision that the parties who make a transaction are bound to bear the risk or damages of goods. Though a goods have a damages or loss during a transportation, buyer is liable for the payment of purchase price. In this case, this paper defines the meaning whether who can bear the risk under Incoterms and CISG. In the majority cases which deal between parties, after shipment or at the end of carriage, the loss or damages are found in buyer's hand. If a damages or loss is made during transit, customarily these risk are covered by insurance. Otherwise, these rules provide a tools for solving this problems. Then, between parties should be accomplished their target equitably.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.spc1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2003

In the present study, we have investigated morphology and evolution of small-scale Ha dynamic features on the quiet sun by analyzing video magnetograms and high resolution Ha images simultaneously taken for 5 hours at Big Bear Solar Observatory on April 18, 1997. From comparisons between time sequential longitudinal magnetograms and H$\alpha$ images covering $150" {\times} 150"$, several small-scale H$\alpha$ dynamic features have been observed at a site of magnetic flux cancellation. A close relationship between such features and cancelling magnetic fluxes has been revealed temporarily and spatially. Our results support that material injection by chromospheric magnetic reconnect ion may be essential in supporting numerous small-scale H$\alpha$ dynamical absorption features, being in line with recent observational studies showing that material injection by chromospheric magnetic reconnect ion is essential for the formation of solar filaments.