• 제목/요약/키워드: bathroom

검색결과 397건 처리시간 0.026초

서울 북촌한옥의 변화양상에 관한 연구 - 북촌 가꾸기 사업에 따른 2002~2007 한옥 대수선 사례를 대상으로 - (A study on the Changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Bukchon, Seoul)

  • 송인호;김영수;조은주
    • 건축역사연구
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.47-63
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    • 2009
  • This study focused on changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Bukchon, Seoul. There are 10 representative cases which have been renovated through the policy of 'Preservation & Regeneration of Bukchon' by Seoul metropolitan government and other experts. Changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Buckon are as follows. First, Changes of scale. Trough removing extension parts, facade of renovated Hanoks are 'transformed' into recovering their identity. Using basements or lofts, intensive application of spaces is transformation which promotes the vitality of Hanoks. Second, changes of space organization. As Hanok changes its function from residence to commercial or cultural use, il a1so changes space character or reorganizes space organization. It is important that deciding function of Hanok has to adjust its scale and organization. Third, changes of construction performance. Through introducing new material and constructing method, performance of wall has been changed respecting its wooden structure and interior-exterior figure. However, technical studies must back it up not to destroy its value of eco-friendly architecture. Fourth, changes of facility systems, like floor heating system. They changes floor level of Hanok equally, and then sections of Hanok have became simple. Furthermore, inserting new facility space, such as boiler room, stand-up kitchen, bathroom and toilet, organization of space also changed. It is necessary that wise alternative proposal through the method of transformation or mutation must be presented. These four changes can be classification into method of 'transformation' and 'mutation'. Changes of scale are method of transformation and changes of space organization are method of mutation. Also, while changes of construction performance are mutation, changes of facility systems are transformation. Recently, as price of lots have been increased, a lot of Hanoks have been commercialized. Thc commercial energy threat 'the identity of Bukchon as residential area'. From now on, to operate 'identity' and 'vitality' complementary, it is necessary to make up for the preservation policy of Hanok and consolidate renovating standards of Hanok which correspond to character of particular region and building usage.

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목조주택 모형개발을 위한 평면모듈 설정에 대한 연구 - 기둥-보 방식 구조를 중심으로 - (A study on the Plan Modular Establishment for the Development of Wooden Dwelling Model - Focused on the Post & Beam Structure -)

  • 강만호;주석중;김재덕
    • 한국주거학회논문집
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.141-148
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    • 2007
  • In this research, to develope wooden house model with post & beam structure which is commensurate with domestic environment, we analyzed the size and module of a unit space and space organization of existing habitation, then, based on the result, we tried to suggest general wood house modules. For this, we investigated 98 floor plans for 30 pyeong apartment in Seoul, Gyounggi-do, Gwangju, and Jeolla-do. The results are showed as follows. 1) It has shown that 7 posts distances are available in 2 bay floor plan type - 3.0 m, 3.3 m, 3.6 m, 3.9 m, 4.2 m, 4.5 m, and 4.8 m. 2) It has shown that 8 posts distances are available in 3 bay floor plan type - 3.0 m, 3.3 m, 3.6 m, 3.9 m, 4.2 m, 4.5 m, 4.8 m, and 5.1 m. It was concluded as follows, applying the standard of regulations of horizontal modular coordination design, from $\ulcorner$the standard of modular coordination design in architecture(KSF 1525)$\lrcorner$. 1) The available widths are 3.0 m, 3.3 m, 3.6 m, 4.2 m, and 4.8 m, and the available depths are 3.0 m, 3.3 m, 3.6 m, and 4.2 m. 2) To guarantee a space through post module of a room combination, we can use a module of 3.6 m, 4.2 m, 4.8 m except 3.0 m, 3.3 m among available modules. The module investigated in post & beam structure wooden house is applied in basic 6 floor plans as follows. 1) When organize the room on the basis of tile module of 3.6 m, 4.2 m, it was possible to organize the floor plan. 2) After arranging main room, making practical application of variableness which is advantage of post & beam structure, putting to practical use of extra space that becomes the combination of atypical room such as kitchen, dining room, and bathroom, it was possible to organize the floor plan of the residence. 3) It is possible to organize whole rooms through the plan module from 3.6 m to 4.2 m, that decides the floor plan of a wooden house.

MARPOL 73/78의 기준에 따른 선박오수 처리 장치(SBR 및 MBR 복합공정)의 사용 가능성 평가 : 영양염류 위주 (T-N 및 T-P) (Feasibility Study of a Shipboard Sewage Treatment Plant (Sequencing Batch Reactor and Membrane Bioreactor) in Accordance with MARPOL 73/78, Focusing Mostly on Nutrients (T-N and T-P))

  • 정진희;윤영내;최영익
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제25권9호
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    • pp.1233-1239
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    • 2016
  • This study aimed to evaluate changes in the TN and TP removal efficiencies, depending on whether or not a settling process is applied, in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process with a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Nutrient removal was considered in terms of developing an advanced water treatment system for ships in accordance with water quality standards set forth by 227(64). For these purposes, the TN and TP concentrations in the inflow and outflow water were measured to calculate the TN and TP removal efficiencies, depending on whether or not a settling process was used. Water discharged from a bathroom, which was constructed for the experiment, was used as the raw water. The experiment that included a settling process was conducted twice, and the operating conditions were: aeration for 90 min, settling for 30 min, agitation for 15 min, and settling for 15 min for one experiment; and aeration for 150 min, settling for 45 min, agitation for 15 min, and settling for 15 min in the other. Operating conditions for the experiment that did not include a settling process were: aeration for 180 min and agitation for 60 min. The concentration of the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the reactor was 3,500 mg/L, while the aeration rate was 121 L/min and the water production rate was 1.5 L/min. For the two experiments where a settling process was applied, the average TN removal efficiencies were 44.39% and 41.05%, and the average TP removal efficiencies were 47.85% and 46.04%. For the experiment in which a settling process was not applied, the average TN removal efficiency was 65.51%, and the average TP removal efficiency was 52.51%. Although the final nutrient levels did not satisfy the water quality standards of MEPC 227(64), the TN and TP removal efficiencies were higher when a settling process was not applied.

조선족 농촌주거 공간구성형태의 지역적 특징에 관한 연구 - 중국 동북3성 각 지역의 조선족 농촌주거에 대한 조사연구를 중심으로 - (A Study on the Spatial Structure of the rural Dwelling Houses of China's Korean Ethnic - Based on Investigating and analyzing each District's rural Dwelling houses of China's Three Northeastern Provinces -)

  • 김일학;박용환
    • 농촌계획
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    • 제15권4호
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    • pp.75-87
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    • 2009
  • This paper tries to explore the local uniqueness and evolutionary characteristics of the spatial structure of the rural dwelling houses of China's Korean Ethnic. For this purpose, the paper selected 51 typical samples in each district, analyzing their ancestral home, building age, size, construction method, family composition etc. Moreover, the paper classified the pattern of the samples and analyzed the characteristic and evolutionary process of each pattern. Conclusions based on the analysis of the ancestral homes are as follows: 1.The house pattern of these China's Korean ethnics who are originally from the Hamkyung province is mainly jeongji- access type (A-type). A-type is mainly distributed along the Tumen River and Yalu River, in the Sino-Russian borders and the inland areas of Heilongjiang province. With the migration of the China's Korean ethnics, in Sino-Russian borders and the inland areas of Heilongjiang province, A-type with the 'badang' space, vestibule-access type (C-type) and living-centered type (D-type) appeared. 2. House patterns of Korean ethnics who are originally from the Pyongan province include three types: A-type, kitchen type (B-type) and C-type. A-type is mainly distributed along the Yalu River while B-type and C-type are mainly in the inland areas of these three Northeast provinces. With the decrease of population, the merger of rooms happened in A-type; while in the B-type and C-type, bathroom and storage came to exist in the north of the room. 3. The house pattern of Korean ethnics who are originally from the Gyeongsang province is mainly B-type, which is distributed in the inland areas of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. Besides, C-type and D-type also exist. They are in Jilin and Liaoning provinces. In the process of evolution, storage was set in the north part of the room or the window was cancelled in order to defend the coldness in Heilongjiang area, while in Jilin and Liaoning provinces, living room came into existence, which is gradually developing to D-type.

가정 내 낙상으로 인한 아동 손상의 유발 환경 인자에 관한 예비연구 (A Pilot Study on Environmental Factors Contributing to Childhood Home Slip-Down Injuries)

  • 유정민;서민후;김원영;김원;임경수
    • Journal of Trauma and Injury
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.51-56
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate environmental factors contributing to childhood home slip-down injuries. Methods: Among a total of 2,812 injured children in our Customer Injury Surveillance System (CISS), we performed a prospective study on 262 children with home slip-down injuries who visited the pediatric emergency department of Asan Medical Center between March 2008 and February 2009. We made a frequency analysis on parameters such as activities just before the accident, the presence of any obstacles or lubricant materials, specific home place in the home where the injuries occurred, flooring materials on which the slip-down happened, additional objects hit after slip down, the site and kind of injury, the duration of therapy, and the disposition. Results: Walking was the most common activity just before the injury. Because rooms and bathrooms were most common places in the home for slip down injuries, laminated papers/ vinyl floor coverings and tiles were the most common flooring materials used in the places where the injuries occured. Most commonly, no obstacles caused the children to slip down, but the furniture, stairs, doorsills, wetness, or soapy fluid followed after that. Over half of the children who slipped (58%) also collided with other than the floor itself after the slip-down, most common objects hit were the edges of the furniture, and doorsills, followed by stairways. The head and neck were the most commonly injured sites, and a laceration was the most common kind of injury. Most children needed less than 1 week of therapy, only 4 children (1.53%) admitted. There were no mortalities. Conclusion: The environmental factors contributing to slip-down injuries were the bathroom, laminated papers/vinyl floors, the furniture, stairs, doorsills, and wetness or soapy fluid. Especially, the furniture, stairs, and doorsills can be both primary obstacles and secondary collision objects. For the safety of our children, we must consider these factors on housing, when decorating or remodeling our house.

국내 일부 지역 학동에 있어서 요충의 최근 감염상 (Recent patterns of Enterobius uermiculuris infection in some school children, Korea)

  • 양용석
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제26권3호
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    • pp.215-220
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    • 1988
  • 국내 일부 지역 국민학교 학동에 있어서 요충 감염상태를 알아보고자 하였다. 즉, 1984년 10월 서을 지역의 한 국민학교와 경기도 양주군의 한 국민학교, 1986년 10월 경기도 의정부의 한 국민학교에 대하여 항문주위 도말검사를 오전 9시∼12시 사이에 1회 실시하였다. 한편 1988년 10월 상기 국민학교 3학년 학동들에게 요충감염에 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각되는 가정환경 요인들에 대하여 설문 조사를 시행하였다. 국민학교 학동의 요충란 양성률은 평균 16.0%(2,156명 조사)였고 남자가 14.5%(1,118명), 여자 가 17.6%(1,038명)로서 여자에서 약간 높았다. 또 저학년보다 고학년에서 낮은 양성률을 보였다. 지역별로는 서울의 유현국민학교 학동이 13.6%로 가장 낮은 양성률을 보였고 경기도의 호암국민학교가 17.5%, 덕산국민학교가 17.6%의 양성률을 각각 보였다. 학동의 요충 감염에 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각되는 여러 가정환경 요인들중 가장의 직업, 형제수, 어린이 방의 유무, 목욕실 유무 등이 유의한 요인으로(p<0.1) 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 학동의 요충 감염이 아직도 높은 상황임을 보이고 있으나, 과거 10연전의 성적과 비교해 볼 때 감소되고 있으며, 특히 생활수준과 가정환경 요인의 개선이 감염률의 감소에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

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일제 강점기 관립 중등학교 기숙사 건축에 관한 연구 (Study of the Dormitory Architecture of Governmental Secondary Schools in the Japanese Colonial Era)

  • 이정우
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제15권8호
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    • pp.5355-5362
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구는 일제 강점기 중등학교 건축을 구성하는 필수시설이었지만 관련 연구가 부족했던 기숙사 건축의 계획 특성을 국가 기록원 소장 도면들을 대상으로 살펴보았다. 분석 항목은 배치 특성, 그리고 기숙사를 구성하는 주요 영역들인 개실동, 식당동, 사감실 영역 등의 계획 특성들이다. 연구 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1) 기숙사 영역은 교사동 영역 후면에 인접 배치되는 것이 일반적이었다. 2) 기숙사 영역은 남향을 원칙으로 하는 개실동들의 병렬배치가 배치의 기본형태가 되면서 식당동, 사감실 영역 등은 부지 상황에 맞추어 배치되었다. 3) 기숙사 개실동의 단위 평면은 대체로 한국인 학교의 경우 온돌형에 소형평면이 일본인 학교에는 다다미 마감에 자습실과 침실이 구분되어 있는 대형 평면이 적용되었다. 4) 식당동은 식당 영역, 취사장 욕실 영역 등으로 구성되며 일본인 학교의 경우 매점 영역이 함께 계획되었다. 식당의 평면 형상은 좁고 길며 복도가 연접해 있어 식당동 전체 평면은 편복도형 블록플랜과 같은 형상을 하는 것이 일반적이었다. 5) 사감실 영역은 차지하는 면적은 많지 않았지만 전체 기숙사를 대표하는 영역으로 상징적으로 보이도록 배치나 의장상의 고려가 있었다.

소매점 유형별 상품구매행동 차이 및 선택속성의 중요도와 만족도 비교분석: 전통상권 경쟁력 강화를 중심으로 (Difference of Purchasing Behavior by Types of Retail Store and Importance-Performance Analysis Market Selection Attributes: Focused on Improvement of Traditional Market Competitiveness)

  • 김홍빈;김현
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제12권9호
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    • pp.311-324
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    • 2012
  • 본 논문은 소매점 유형별 소비자의 상품선택행동과 선택속성의 중요도와 만족도에 대한 비교 분석을 통해 유형별 특성을 파악하고, 전통시장의 경쟁력 강화방안을 제시하기 위한 목적으로 서울과 수도권 거주자를 대상으로 설문하여 IPA 분석이 수행되었다. 본 연구의 분석결과에 따른 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전통시장의 경우 상대적으로 이용시간이 긴 반면 사용금액은 크게 작은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 전통시장의 점포구성과 배치가 점포탐색을 어렵게 하는 것으로 품목별 점포의 재구성과 집중화가 필요하다. 둘째, 전통시장과 대형 할인매장, 백화점 모두 중요도에 비하여 만족도가 낮아 전통시장의 활성화를 위해서는 대형 할인매장과 동일 선상에서의 경쟁보다는 취급하지 않는 품목의 구성 또는 전문화를 통하여 고객이 생각하지 못했던 곳에서 만족을 강화하는 것이 중요할 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 소매점 유형별 선택속성에 대한 IPA 결과 상품품질에 따른 응답자의 기대치가 반영되어 대형할인마트와 백화점은 가격에 대한 신뢰성과 상품 품질우수성이 개선되어야 할 사항으로 제시되었으며, 전통상권은 저렴한 가격과 가격에 대한 신뢰, 상품품질우수성이 강점으로 파악되었으며, 시설적 측면의 항목들은 개선사항으로 나타나 시설현대화 사업의 지속적 지원이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

$\cdot$$\cdot$주별 열에너지 소비절약 실태에 관한 조사연구 (An Exploratory Study of Energy Conservation Practices in Clothing, Food, and Housing)

  • 강혜원
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.11-24
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    • 1981
  • The objectives of the study were to determine 1) if energy consumption and conservation vary in clothing, food, and housing with independent variables-size of household, homemaker's age, employment, and level of education, level of living, type of house, electricity use, and all energy use, and 2) if there is a correlation among energy conservation practices in clothing, food, and housing. Questionnaires wee given to the randomly selected homemakers in Seoul in July, 1980. Data from 620 responses were analyzed by F-test (Analysis of Variance) and Correlation. The results are as follows: 1. Clothing (1) the scores of the conservation practices I clothing were generally high. /However, it was found that a) they did not practice in wearing heavy under clothes and behavior outer clothing to cope with cool room temperature in the winter, b) they did not use bleach for laundry, but they used boiling method, and c) they did not have enough knowledge on Permanent Press finish. (2) energy conservation practices in clothing were significantly related to level of living and homemakrer's level of education. a) The higher the level of living, the higher scores in the knowledge were found. b) the higher the homeakcer's level of education, the higher scores in the knowledge and ironing were obtained. 2. Food (1) The scores of the conservation practices in food were generally high. However, it was found that scientific cooking methods were not performed such as a) to use measuring spoons, cups, and timers, b) to practice a simple method in using solor energy for warming water, c) to use thermos for the hot water tea or coffee, but they boiled water whenever necessary, and b) to use the pressure cooker whenever possible. (2) Energy conservation practices in food were significantly related to homemaker's employment and type of dwellings. a) The scores of full-time homemakers (not gainfully employed) were higher than gainfully employed homemakers. b) Families in traditional Korean dwellings revealed higher scores than those in apartment or western style dwellings. 3. Housing (1) The scores of the conservation practices in housing were generally high. However, it was found that a) they did not install fans in the kitchen, bathroom, and attic in the summer, b) they did not install a humidifier for tolerating a lower room temperature in the winer, c) they did not practice to make plans for the door of the refrigerator remained open for the shortest time, d) they did not install or use a local lighting with a general lighting for reading and cooking, and e) they usedaluminum foil without the knowledge of the heat reaction of its shiny and dull sides. (2) energy conservation practices in housing were significantly related to homemaker's employment and level of education, economic status, types of dwelling, and all energy use, a) Full-time homeakers had higher scores than gainfully employed homeakers. b) the higher the homemaker's level of education and economics status, the higher scores were obtained. c) Homeakers with their own house scored higher points than those with rented houses. And families in apartment or row houses scored higher points than those in traditional korean or western style dwellings. d) The higher the consumption rate of electricity and all energy, the higher scores were revealed. 4. correlation there was a significant correlation among energy conservation practices I clothing, food, and housing.

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농촌지역 노인의 생활실태 조사연구 -의.식.주생활 및 심리적 적응을 중심으로- (Living Conditions of the Rural Elderly: Clothing, Nutrition, Housing, and Psychological Adjustment)

  • 윤복자
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.65-86
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    • 1990
  • Living conditions of the rural elderly were assessed in terms of clothing behavior, health and nutritional status, housing and envioronmental condition, and psychological adjustment. The subjects were eighty individuals over sixty residing in the rural community of Iksan-kun, Chollabukdo. The interview method using questionnaires, direct measurement, and observation was used for this study. Data were compared with those obtained from a previous study of the elderly residing in an urban area. Clothing behavior showed that the elderly residing in the rural community were more concerned about plain and conservative design of clothes than their urban counterparts. Special protective clothes for cropdusting with agricultural chemicals had not been prepared. The following urgent needs were pointed out: development and supply of agricultural chemical protective clothing and development and education of appropriate washing and clothing care methods. The health status of the elderly was generally good, but poor eating habits were found more frequently in the rural elderly than among the urban dwellers. Several dietary nutrient intakes were insufficient. Contrasting the urban elderly with the rural group, it was found that the urban group lacked sufficient vitamin A and vitamin C and the urban women had insufficient calorie whereas the rural group was deficient in protein, vitamin A, calorie, and fat. A significant relationship was found between dietary nutrient intake and health index, food habit points, self recognized health status, meal satisfaction, and economic status. Urgent needs of the development of a nutrition education program for the elderly were pointed out. Most of elderly residing in the surveyed rural communities were living alone or with their spouse only, therefore only one room was used among the three or four available rooms. Most of the rural elderly were living either in a traditional Korean house built with differing floor levels or in a modified Korean style house. Minimal modernization had been made for kitchen facilities such as sink and gas range or for heating facilities with the briquette boiler. However, sanitary space such as lavatory and bathroom had not been remodeled. A housing welfare program for rural communities should be implemented at the national level. The comparison of psychological characteristics of the rural elderly with their city counterparts revealed that the rural elderly have a more stable psychological status and optimistic attitude than those living in a city. However, it was found that most of the elderly did not have any future plan. Community programs for the elderly including hobbies or leisure activities or education programs to generate close interpersonal relationships with their children should be developed and provided.

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