• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2009

Purpose: Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was usually performed by the batch assay. To improve the efficiency of RIA without increase of the cost and time, random assay could be a choice. We investigated the possibility of the random assay using automatic dispenser by assessing the agreement between batch assay and random assay. Materials and Methods: The experiments were performed with four items; Triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (fT4), Prostate specific antigen (PSA), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In each item, the sera of twenty patients, the standard, and the control samples were used. The measurements were done 4 times with 3 hour time intervals by random assay and batch assay. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the standard samples and patients' data in T3, fT4, PSA, and CEA were assessed. ICC (Intraclass correlation coefficient) and coefficient of correlation were measured to assessing the agreement between two methods. Results: The CVs (%) of T3, fT4, PSA, and CEA measured by batch assay were 3.2$\pm$1.7%, 3.9$\pm$2.1%, 7.1$\pm$6.2%, 11.2$\pm$7.2%. The CVs by random assay were 2.1$\pm$1.7%, 4.8$\pm$3.1%, 3.6$\pm$4.8%, and 7.4$\pm$6.2%. The ICC between the batch assay and random assay were 0.9968 (T3), 0.9973 (fT4), 0.9996 (PSA), and 0.9901 (CEA). The coefficient of correlation between the batch assay and random assay were 0.9924(T3), 0.9974 (fT4), 0.9994 (PSA), and 0.9989 (CEA) (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of random assay showed strong agreement with the batch assay in a day. These results suggest that random assay using automatic dispenser could be used in radioimmunoassay.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.617-621
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• 2008

Sequential passes through $Sephadex^{TM}$ columns were used to select phages that displays ligands for dextran ($\alpha$-1,6 linked linear chains) from a phage antibody library. Those phages that bound to the $Sephadex^{TM}$ in each iteration were replicated in E. coli. A phage preparation isolated on the third round selection produced 5.4 nephelos turbidity units (NTU) in a dextran specific immunonephelometric assay, a 2.2 fold higher value than the phage preparation from the first round selection. This phage gave $72\;{\pm}\;10$ normalized intensity (N.I.) in a dip-stick assay against high molecular size dextran (T2000, $2\;{\times}\;10^6) and significantly lower color ($30\;{\pm}\;6$ N.I.) against low molecular size dextran (T10, $10^4$). The presence of an Fab insert in each of these phages was confirmed using a $\beta-galactosidase linked assay and polymerase chain reaction.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.96-100
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• 2010

The shelf-life of pharmaceutical products is the time that the average product characteristic remains within an approved specification after manufacture. Since the true shelf-life of a drug product is typically unknown, it has to be estimated based on assay results of the drug characteristic from a stability study usually conducted during the process of drug development. The nonparametric statistical methods of assessing the shelf-life of drug are considered with the current FDA regulations. Some simulation studies of nonparametric methods are also presented with the discussion.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 1995

Cloning the gene encoding a dipeptide transporter is necessary for understanding the absorption mechanism of peptides and peptide-like drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. Functional expression of a dipeptide transporter after microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes was performed using the mRNA purified from human intestinal HT-29 cells. Fifty nanoliters of purified mRNA (1 mg/mL) were microinjected into healthy oocytes followed by incubation for 4 days in order to express a dipeptide transporter. Functional expression was determined by a uptake assay using 10 Ci/mL $[^3H]-glycylsarcosine$, a dipeptide substate of the transporter. Seasonal variability and batch-to-batch variability were greater in summer. The usage of beveled micropipettes improves viability of oocytes at 4 days after microinjection. Expression of a dipeptide transporter in oocytes after microinjection of mRNA obtained from HT-29 cells was significantly larger than those after microinjection of water or mRNA obtained from the rabbit intestine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.24-32
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• 1977

It was attempted in this study to assess the vitamin $B_{1},\;B_{2}$, and $B_6$ status in tissue by determination of erythrocyte transketolase (TK), glutathione reductase (GR), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, and their activation by their respective coenzymes, thiamine pyrophosphate, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, and pyridoxal-5-phosphate. The activities of erythrocyte enzymes were stable for more than 30 days when erythrocyte had been stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ and affirmed that the enzyme activities were more stable in the case of deep frozen sotrage of erythrocytes rather than hemolysates. The assay procedures involving ultraviolet kinetic analysis with continuous monitoring for each of enzymes have good within-batch and between-batch precisions and will be avalable in the routine laboratories for the nutritional and clinical surveys. Activity coefficient of TK, GR, and AST was studied in healthy medical students (fifteen men and twelve women, between 21 and 30 years old) on an unrestricted diet. The mean activity coefficient of TK, GR, and AST were 1.18, 1.35, and 2.01 for men, and 1.14, 1.33, and 1.83 for women, respectively. And the upper limit of normal (mean+2SD) were 1.52, 1.69, and 2.61 for men, and 1.50, 1.61, and 2.37 for women, respectively.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.13.1-13.7
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• 2020

Stock enhancement is considered to be a valuable approach for restoring fishery resources. Because no specific official institution in Taiwan is responsible for the production of fry, the released fry are purchased directly from the private sector. However, fishermen from the private industry have not established a genetic background, so the genetic composition for each batch of released fry is unclear. Mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), a prominent species released in Taiwan, was collected after its official release. One hundred and two field samples were compared with four batches of hatchery fry (n = 685) by using a microsatellite-based multiplex PCR assay. Four of the field samples (3.9%; 4/102) were revealed to be from a fish farm and most likely from a single batch. This study revealed that wild mangrove red snappers are genetically different from those originating from farms, and their origins can be traced through molecular markers, even without information on breeding stocks.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.534-539
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• 2006

In the ozone disinfection unit process of a piston type batch reactor with continuous ozone analysis using a flow injection analysis (FIA) system, the CT values for 1 log inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum by viability assays of DAPI/PI and excystation were $1.8{\sim}2.2\;mg/L{\cdot}min$ at $25^{\circ}C$ and $9.1mg/L{\cdot}min$ at $5^{\circ}C$, respectively. At the low temperature, ozone requirement rises $4{\sim}5$ times higher in order to achieve the same level of disinfection at room temperature. In a 40 L scale pilot plant with continuous flow and constant 5 minutes retention time, disinfection effects were evaluated using excystation, DAPI/PI, and cell infection method at the same time. About 0.2 log inactivation of Cryptosporidium by DAPI/PI and excystation assay, and 1.2 log inactivation by cell infectivity assay were estimated, respectively, at the CT value of about $8mg/L{\cdot}min$. The difference between DAPI/PI and excystation assay was not significant in evaluating CT values of Cryptosporidium by ozone in both experiment of the piston and the pilot reactors. However, there was significant difference between viability assay based on the intact cell wall structure and function and infectivity assay based on the developing oocysts to sporozoites and merozoites in the pilot study. The stage of development should be more sensitive to ozone oxidation than cell wall intactness of oocysts. The difference of CT values estimated by viability assay between two studies may partly come from underestimation of the residual ozone concentration due to the manual monitoring in the pilot study, or the difference of the reactor scale (50 mL vs 40 L) and types (batch vs continuous). Adequate If value to disinfect 1 and 2 log scale of Cryptosporidium in UV irradiation process was 25 $mWs/cm^2$ and 50 $mWs/cm^2$, respectively, at $25^{\circ}C$ by DAPI/PI. At $5^{\circ}C$, 40 $mWs/cm^2$ was required for disinfecting 1 log Cryptosporidium, and 80 $mWs/cm^2$ for disinfecting 2 log Cryptosporidium. It was thought that about 60% increase of If value requirement to compensate for the $20^{\circ}C$ decrease in temperature was due to the low voltage low output lamp letting weaker UV rays occur at lower temperatures.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2017

The optimization and microwave assisted extraction of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna, quantitative estimation of the marker compounds arjunic acid and arjunolic acid using HPTLC and the evaluation of free radical scavenging activity has been performed in this study. The central composite design was used for optimization and the values of parameters for optimized batch of microwave assisted extraction were 1000 W (Power), 3 minutes (Time) and 1/120 (Solid/solvent ratio). The solvent system to carry out the HPTLC was toluene: acetic acid: ethyl acetate (5: 5: 0.5) and quantitative estimation was done using standard equations obtained from the marker compounds. The in-vitro free radical scavenging activity was performed spectrophotometrically using ascorbic acid as standard. The value of estimated percentage yield of arjunic acid and arjunolic acid was 1.42% and 1.52% which upon experimentation was obtained as 1.38% and 1.51% respectively. The DPPH assay of the different batches of microwave assisted extraction and marker compounds taken suggested that the marker compounds arjunic acid and the arjunolic acid were responsible for the free radical scavenging activity as the batch having the maximum percentage yield of the marker compounds showed best free radical scavenging effect as compared to standard ascorbic acid. The $IC_{50}$ value of the optimized batch was found to be 24.72 while that of the standard ascorbic acid was 29.83. Hence, the yield of arjunic acid and arjunolic acid has direct correlation with the free radical scavenging activity of stem bark extract of Terminalia arjuna and have potential to serve as active lead compounds for free radical scavenging activity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 1994

A modified amidolytic assay and a fibrin plate method were used to accurately measure the concentration of single chain urokinase type plasminogen activator (scu-PA) and two-chain urokinase type plasminogen activator (tc-PA) in the spent media. $1.65{\times}10^6$(viable cells/ml) of maximum cell density and 1670(IU/ml) of scu-PA concentration were obtained in 1% serum containing medium. The overall conversion ratio from scu-PA to tc-PA was less than 10%. In the results of batch cultivation in a spinner vessel, $4.43{\times}10^6(total cells/ml)$ of maximum cell density and 1560(IU/ml) of scu-PA concentration was observed. The maximum scu-PA concentration and specific scu-PA Productivity were obtained in 1760(IU/ml) and $3.13{\times}10^{-4}(IU/cell)$, respectively, from perfusion cultivation. The conveysion ratios from batch, fed-batch and perfusion cultivations were less than 12%, which means that about 90% of scu-PA secreted from the cells can be maintained during the cultivations.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2021

Sophora flavescens Ait. (Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant widely founded in Northeast Asia, and its dried root (Kushen) has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The therapeutic effects of Kushen in micturition disorder was not investigated comprehensively yet. In the present study, we examined and compared the efficacy of three batches of Kushen extract using different ethanol content through an in vitro cell-based assay. Among them, we chose the batch with the highest efficacy and augmented the volume of extract for industrial purpose. The bulk extract was examined in its efficacy in the in vitro cell-based assay, and the therapeutic effects through an in vivo behavioral assay of OAB rats. The main components of the extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was investigated by MTT assay. The overall efficacy of the extract was as much as, or more than, kurarinone, a potent BK_Ca channel activator. Thus, the extract was a potent relaxant of urinary smooth muscle by upregulating the activity of BK_Ca channel. The Kushen extract could be explored as an alternative medicine against overactive bladder patients indicating severe dysfunction of BK_Ca channel.