• Mycobiology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.302-309
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• 2010

Formic acid is a representative carboxylic acid that inhibits bacterial cell growth, and thus it is generally considered to constitute an obstacle to the reuse of renewable biomass. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to elucidate changes in protein levels in response to formic acid. Fifty-seven differentially expressed proteins in response to formic acid toxicity in S. cerevisiae were identified by 1D-PAGE and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) analyses. Among the 28 proteins increased in expression, four were involved in the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway and one in the oxidative stress-induced pathway. A dramatic increase was observed in the number of ion transporters related to maintenance of acid-base balance. Regarding the 29 proteins decreased in expression, they were found to participate in transcription during cell division. Heat shock protein 70, glutathione reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase were measured by LC-MS/MS analysis. Taken together, the inhibitory action of formic acid on S. cerevisiae cells might disrupt the acidbase balance across the cell membrane and generate oxidative stress, leading to repressed cell division and death. S. cerevisiae also induced expression of ion transporters, which may be required to maintain the acid-base balance when yeast cells are exposed to high concentrations of formic acid in growth medium.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.64-74
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• 1997

A CELTHYM(CEll-based Long-term HYdrologic Model), a pre-processor and a post-processor that can be integrated with geographic information system(GIS) were developed to predict the stream flow from the small agricultural watershed on the daily basis. The CELTHYM calculates the direct runoff from a grid using SCS curve number method and then sum up all of cells with respect to a sub-catchment area belonged to a stream grid and integrated to an outlet. Base flow of a watershed outlet was computed by integrating of the base flow of each stream grid that was averaged the sub-catchment deep-percolation and calculated with the release rate. Two kind of water budget equation were used to compute the water balance in a grid that was classified into not paddy field and paddy field. One of the two equation is a soil water balance equation to account the soil moisture of the upland, forest and excluding paddy field grid. The other is a paddy water balance equation for the paddy field, calculating the ponding depth, the effective rainfall, the deep percolation and the evapotranspiration.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1995

One metabolism trial(Experiment I) and another respiration trial(Experiment II) were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber supplementation(20% wheat bran) on the water balance, blood acid-base balance, body temperature, and metabolic rate of heat-stressed adult roosters. In Experiment I, twenty 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were randomly alloted to 4 treatments with 5 birds per treatment and one per replicate. The 4 treatments were consisted of two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two dietary fiber treatment(0% and 20% wheat bran), making Experiment I a 2x2 factorial. After 4 d of preliminary period, birds we subjected to 3-d collection period. Sixteen 20-wk-old SCWL roosters(BW 1.6 kg) were employed Experiment H, with two temperature(21~22˚C vs. 34~35˚C) and two wheat bran levels(0% and 20%). Brids were housed in individual metabolism cages under normal temperature(21~22˚C), at fed one of the experimental diet. After 4 d of preliminary period, a respiration trial with open-circuit gravimetric respiratory apparatus was carried out for each bird for 6 h, one by one, normal(20~21˚C) and hot(34~35˚C) temperatures. The ANOVA test and comparisons among treatment means were done at 5% probability level for both experiments. Results obtained from Experiment I and, II were summarized as follows, 1.The amounts of DM intake and excretion were significantly(P<.05) decreased by heat stress. The DM intake was not affected by the addition of 20% wheat bran, however, the amount of DM excretion was significantly increased by the high fiber diet. Thus, the DM metabolizability decreased significantly by the addition of 20% wheat bran. 2. The heat-stressed roosters increased the water intake and excreta moisture content significantly. Although not significant, the water intake tended to increase in roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet. 3. The amounts of total water input and evaporative water loss were increased significantly by heat stress, and the addition of 20% wheat bran did not exert any influence on the total water input and evaporative water loss. However, roosters fed the 20% wheat bran diet increased the excreta water output significantly. 4. Neither the heat stress nor the dietary fiber did affect the blood pH, pCO2, and HCO$_3$- significantly. 5. The body temperature increased significantly by the heat stress. However, the high fiber deit failed to decrease the body temperature. 6. The heat-stressed roosters decreased the 02 consumption and C0$_2$ production, and increased the evaporative water loss significantly. However, the high fiber diet did not exert any infulence in this regard. It appears that the beneficial effect, if any, of high fibrous diet during heat stress episode may be due to the increased heat loss through the enhanced excreta water.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.151-159
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• 1993

본 연구는 항콕시듐 제제로 광범위하게 쓰이고 있는 nicarbazin이 닭의 고온 스트레스에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 16수의 SCWL 수탉 성계를 사용하여 실시하였다. 옥수수-대두박 위주의 사료에 두 수준(0 및 125ppm)의 rucarbazin을 첨가하여, 두 처리의 환경온도(21 와 35~$36^{\circ}C$)하에서 4일간의 예비실험 기간을 거친 후, 2일 동안의 시료 및 자료 수집기간을 가졌다. 건물 섭취량과 건물 배설량은 고온 스트레스에 의하여 유의한 영향을 받지 않았으나, ricarbazin 첨가에 의하여 증가하였다. 그러나 건물 대사율은 nicarbazin첨가에 의하여 유의하게 감소하였다. 고온 스트레스는 또한 음수량과 증발에 의한 수분 손실을 증가시켰고, nicarbazin은 이러한 효과를 더욱 심화시켰다. 혈액 pH는 고온하에서 nicarbazin 첨가에 의해 증가되었으며, p$CO_2$는 고온하에서 nicarbazin에 의해 감소되었다. 고온 스트레스는 또한 체온을 상승시켰으며 nicarbazin 첨가는 이러한 효과를 심화시켰다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 닭이 고온 스트레스를 받으면 체온이 상승하게 된다. 따라서 닭은 체온 상승을 억제하기 위하여 호흡수를 증가시켜(panting) 수분 증발을 통한 체열 방출을 많게 한다. 그러나 nicarbazin 첨가는 고온하의 수탉 체온 상승 폭을 워낙 크게 하므로, panting에 의한 체열 방출량 증가만으로는 정상 체온을 유지하기가 어렵게 되는 것으로 풀이된다

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.349-354
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• 1993

To investigate the relations between the physical constitutions, the acid-base balance, and the autonomic nervous function, the blood gas, the heart rate and the concentrations of Na, K of serum were measured pre-and poststimulation. As the result, it is shown that in the normal condition the macro-negative(strong liver- weak lung type) is the metabolic alkalosis, the macro-positive (strong lung-weak liver type) is the metabolic acidosis, the micro-negative(strong kidney-weak spleen type) is the alkalosis and the micro-positive (strong spleen-weak kidney type) is the acidosis. And the ntacro-positive and micro-positive are the sympathetic lead, the macro-negative and micro-negative are the parasympathetic lead. In the macro-positive and micro-positive subjects, the concentration of K in serum is relatively high. This si coincided with the acidosis. But in the macro-negative and micro-negative subjects, the concentration of K in serum is relatively low. This is coincided with the alkalosis.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.323-345
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• 2014

Less than 30 years ago a new method was introduced in wind-tunnel testing of tall buildings, known variously as the High-Frequency Base Balance or High-Frequency Force Balance, which revolutionized the determination of design wind loads using model studies. The method is reviewed in hindsight, in the perspective of the present, and with a crystal ball to speculate on future developments. These viewpoints focus on various technical issues that have been solved, are being solved, and need to be solved. The intent is to assist the uninitiated develop appreciation for the technology involved, to identify various pitfalls awaiting those who embark in the method, and to identify areas of need so that practicing design engineers-the users of such studies-can appreciate the limitations and collaborate on future advances while promoting improved communication between executor and user.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2008

Of the seven base units of the international system of units, only the kilogram is still defined in terms of a material artifact. One of the experimental approaches opening the way to a new definition of the kilogram is the watt balance To improve the performance of the NPL watt balance, we need to quantify and reduce hysteresis effects in the balance knives. In this paper, we discuss the mechanical characteristics of the knife edges used in the NPL watt balance. The hysteresis mechanism is analyzed using the finite element method. It is found that the cause of hysteresis is not normal stress but shear, and the deformation of the flat, rather than the knife, is an important factor in the hysteresis mechanism. The study presented here, using finite element analysis, suggests that parameters such as material property, tip radius and knife straightness can be more important than others, such as friction coefficient, tip angle, etc.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 소방방화복의 무게가 최대 신체활동 후 신체의 평형성과 민첩성에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 소방공무원의 안전을 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 한다. 신체의 정적평형성 평가를 위하여 눈감고 한발로 서기와 동적평형성 평가로는 평균대 걷기를 실시하였으며, 신체의 정적민첩성 평가는 전신반응검사 동적민첩성 평가는 반복 옆뛰기를 실시하였다. 연구결과 최대 지친 상태에서 소방방화복의 무게는 신체의 정적평형성과 동적민첩성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 향후 소방공무원의 안전을 위한 실제적인 연구에 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 1989

To determine the effect of sodium plus potassium to chloride ratio and lysine level on blood pH, blood acid-base parameters, lysine-arginine antagonism and growth performance, four hundred and thirty two chicks of 3 days age were used in a completely randomized $3{\times}3$ factorial experiment. Variables contained three levels of lysine (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6%) and dietary electrolyte (100, 200 and 300 mEq/kg). Birds fed 200 mEq/kg and electrolyte had the best growth rate and feed efficiency, followed by those fed 300 mEq/kg and 100 mEq/kg electrolyte. It is proposed that high levels of dietary electrolyte may improve the growth of chicks fed diets containing excess lysine by increasing lysine catabolism. High or low levels of lysine and dietary electrolyte resulted in higher mortality than those of optimum level (1.2%) of lysine and 200 mEq/kg of electrolyte balance. When the electrolyte level was increased, the pH, $pCO_2$, base excess, $HCO_3{^-}$ and total $CO_2$ of blood plasma were increased. The utilization of nutrients was changed when the electrolyte and lysine were manipulated. Plasma chloride tended to be greater in chicks receiving high chloride diet and was the highest in chicks fed the high lysine diet. Plasma sodium and potassium were unaffected by dietary lysine. Diet containing high lysine decreased the level of arginine and excess dietary electrolyte increased arginine level in plasma. It may be concluded that cation supplementation tended to alleviate the lysine-arginine antagonism but chloride exacerbated. Tibia bone length and ash contents were significantly affected by electrolyte balance and lysine level.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2020

[Purpose] This study was performed to investigate the acid-base and ion balance at rest and after exercise in healthy males under normoxia, moderate hypoxia, and severe hypoxia. [Methods] Ten healthy Korean males completed three different trials on different days, comprising exercise under normoxia (F_iO₂ = 20.9%, N trial), moderate hypoxia (F_iO₂ = 16.5%, MH trial), and severe hypoxia (F_iO₂ = 12.8%, SH trial). They undertook endurance exercise for 30 min on a cycle ergometer at the same relative exercise intensity equivalent to 80% maximal heart rate under all conditions. Capillary blood samples were obtained to determine acid-base and ion balance at rest and after exercise. [Results] Exercise-induced blood lactate elevations were significantly increased as hypoxic conditions became more severe; SH > MH > N trials (P = 0.003). After exercise, blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the SH trial than in the N and MH trials (P = 0.001). Capillary oxygen saturation (S_CO₂) levels were significantly lowered as hypoxic conditions became more severe; SH > MH > N trials (P < 0.001). The pH levels were significantly lower in the MH trial than that in the N trial (P = 0.010). Moreover, H_CO_3^- levels were significantly lower in the SH trial than in the N trial, with significant interaction (P = 0.003). There were no significant differences in blood Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ levels between the trials. [Conclusion] MH and SH trials induced greater differences in glucose, lactate, S_CO₂, pH, and HCO_3^- levels in capillary blood compared to the N trial. Additionally, lactate, S_CO₂, and HCO_3^- levels showed greater changes in the SH trial than in the MH trial. However, there were no significant differences in Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ levels in MH and SH trials compared to the N trial.