• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.253-260
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• 2020

The five-story stone pagoda in Tamni-ri located in Uiseong County in Gyeongsangbuk-do had an unstable upper structure, and the structural deformation of the foundation stone and the stylobate was severe. In order to repair the base of the pagoda, it must be confirmed if there are support stones inside the base. Resistivity survey was performed to study the inner base stone structure during the repair work. The stylobate was exposed soil and broken stones after removing the walls and the cover of the stylobate. Modified pole-dipole array II was used for the resistivity survey, and compared with the typical pole-dipole array method. And in this study, a physical scale-down model experiment was performed to compare and analyze distortions caused by severe topographical undulations such as right-angled lines. The results show that the stylobate of Five-story Stone Pagoda in Tamni-ri Uiseong has base stones inside the reinforced filling soil and are located beneath the pillar of the body and supporting the pagoda.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2013

Chumsungdae is an ancient astronomical observatory whose main role was doing 'chunmoon'. It was administrate by a royal advisory agency on state affairs. The observers observed the heaven on the observatory platform, recorded peculiar events, and watched and interpreted the signs displayed in the heaven. Chumsungdae is an stonemasonry which represents almanac principles with its peculiar shapes and the numbers of strata and stones. The numbers were thoroughly invented to match exactly the almanac constants. Chumsungdae is comprised largely of three main parts, namely the square base, the stratified cylindrical body, and the top #-shaped stonework, and the total number of stones is 404. The number of the strata (27) and the height of the cylindrical body (27 尺) stand for the days in a sidereal month (27.3 days), which implies that the motion of the Moon with respect to the stars was given more priority than to the Sun at that time of geocentricism. And the cylindrical body was thoroughly designed to consist of 365 stones, which is of course the number of days in a solar year. In addition, there are 12 strata each under and above the south entrance and this in sum makes the 24 divisions of the year. Also there is 182 stones below the 13th stratum and this represents the number of days in the winter ~ summer solstice period, and the rest 183 stones the vice versa. The #-shaped top stonework was aligned in such a way that one of the diagonals points the direction of sunrise on the winter solstice. The square base also layed with the same manner. The south entrance was built 16 degrees SE, and the upright direction of the right pillar stone coincides with the meridian circle. This was a kind of built-in standard meridian circle facilitating the observations. In a symbolic sense, Chumsungdae was thought as the tunnel reaching the heaven, where the observers wished to be enlightened with the signs and inspirations in need. With the craftsmanship and skill, the builder reinforced the stratified cylindrical body with two sets of #-shaped beam stones, piercing at a right angle at 19th ~ 20th and 25th ~ 26th strata. Likewise, by placing the double #-shaped stonework with 8 beam stones on the platform of the observatory, both the stability of the stonemasonry and a guard rail for the nightly observers were securely provided.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.592-598
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• 1999

Exterior finishing materials of artificial stones are manufactured with the mixture of water, cement, stone powder and light-weight aggregate. In this research, we tried to find a way of increasing the physical properties and decreasing the manufacturing cost of artificial stone. So, we used ${\beta}$-NSF base surfactant and vinsol base surfactant to the artificial stone mixture instead of light-weight aggregate. The optimum dosage of the ${\beta}$-NSF and vinsol surfactants for artificial stone are found to be 1.0 wt % of cement, respectively. The physical properties increased ca. 20% and the durability for freezing & thawing of the new artificial stone increased ca. 300%. While the manufacturing cost of the new artificial stone decreased as much as 30%.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2010

Applying acrylic silane monomer for determent of weathering damage of stone cultural assets from various sources was investigated to improve inorganic affinity of polymer impregnated to the stone for conservation treatment using impregnation of acrylic polymers under pressure. Radical polymerization was carried out with various mixture ratios of methacrylate (MMA), as the base monomer, and vinyl trimethoxy silane (VTMS). Subsequently, according to the changes of glass transition temperatures, average molecular weights, and storage moduli of the obtained copolymers, the case of adding 1 wt% of benzoyl peroxide, polymerization for 8 hrs, and mixing 5 mol% of VTMS to MMA was the optimum condition of monomer ratio and polymerization. Practically, fresh granites collected in domestic site and weathered stones were treated by following the obtained result above, and then, the moisture absorption, impact, acid resistance, and adhesion properties of the treated stones were compared to those of the corresponding stones treated with MMA only. It was found that those properties of the stones treated with PMV5 were considerably improved.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.31-42
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• 2023

This study examined the structural characteristics of the royal tomb equipped with only rail stones in the early Joseon Dynasty. Bongneung(封陵: the burial mound of royal tomb) equipped with only rail stones was constructed from 1468 to 1632. During this period, Hyeongung(玄宮: the underground chamber for the coffin of the king or queen) was constructed with lime. When the Hyeongung is completed, the soil is covered with a thickness of 1 foot parallel to the ground surface. On top of that, as the base of the Bongneung, the rail ground stone is constructed with a height of about 1.5 to 2 feet. The inside of the rail ground stone is also firmly filled with soil. On top of this, semicircular lime is installed with a convex center. Lastly the soil is divided and compacted several times to form a hill, and then covered with grass to complete the Bongneung. The notable feature is that between the Hyeongung made of lime and the Bongneung made of soil, the rail ground stone serves as a stylobate with the inside compacted by the soil.

• Carbon letters
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2005

The carbon sample "O", phosphoric acid-activated carbon "OP", zinc chloride-activated carbon "OZ", and two steam activated carbons "OS" and "OS2" with different burn-off of 25% and 58% respectively, were prepared from olive stones. The textural properties were determined from the results of nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and by analyzing these results through the application of different adsorption models. The chemistry of the carbon surfaces was determined from the base neutralization capacities, acid neutralization capacity and surface pH. The sorption of $Pb^{2+}$ ions on to the carbons prepared was followed under dynamic and equilibrium conditions. The differences between the values of the textural parameters were attributed to the inapplicability of some adsorption models and to the heterogeneity of the microporous carbons. The sorption of $Pb^{2+}$ ions is favored on carbon and activated carbons. However, chemically activated carbons are more effective compared with steam-activated ones. The sorption of $Pb^{2+}$ ions were related to the chemistry of the surface rather than to the textural properties.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.7-21
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• 2008

Three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple site, one of the early staged stone pagodas, has been known as a standard of Silla stone pagodas. A stone pagoda is not only a stone art work and but also a stone architecture. In understanding the stone pagoda it is very important to be approached with technological side in which we can investigate the stone pagoda deeply and as well as to have been approached with art historical view. Also it needs that we should see the stone pagoda in view of structural safety. We can get many high technique from our ancestors who made Gameunsajiseoktap. 1. To reduce any deformation such as relaxation and sinking of members which is caused by a heavy load the members such as the lower tier of the base is made up of the foundation stone and side stone in each, comprising one stone. 2. A special construction method for connection between wall stone and column stone in stereobates was invented. It is to make column stone projected partially and wall stone be caved in that two members should be jointed well. This unique method is not used any longer after the three-story Stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple Site. 3. In each side upper and lower member are not engaged as the size of roof stones and support stones of roof stones are different. It can be done for a distribution of perpendicular load and a prevention for relaxation of members. 4. It makes sure that to make upper ends of support stones 10mm lower was to be avoid upper loads to it judging from survey in disassemblying east pagoda. It proves that ancestors who made this stone pagoda had a technique to understand the structural matters to make small members as big as possible, not to engage in joint, to avoid in ends of members from upper load.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.597-602
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• 2005

The present precast top-base method create many problems of requiring it plant facilities, transportation and installation, due to the heavy weight of and it takes too long time to set it up on site. In order to improve and solve these problems, in-situ Top-Base method is developed. It include processes that install Top-Base mold made of poly-ethylene into ground, then pouring concrete into the mold, and fill the rest gaps with broken stones. Considerable advantages can be obtained by applying in-situ Top-Base method in aspects of the stability, economical and construction efficiency. In this research, model tests for in-situ Top-Base system are carried out in other to the investigate the load delivering mechanism and the effect of bearing capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop new mattress systems with vegetation base materials for protecting stream bank and rapid rehabilitation. Vegetation base materials are primarily compounded with fine soil, organic composts and peat moss as plant fibers, a water retainer and a soil improver. Peat moss can usually provide necessary natural fibers and organic materials in soil. Especially, peat moss can absorb up to 25 times its own weight in water and is therefore valued as a water retainer to prevent drying effect of vegetation base materials which can harm the growth of vegetation in mattresses. Normally mattress systems resist the lateral earth pressures or stream power by their own weight. Therefore, filled materials must have suitable weight, compressive strength and durability to resist the loading, as well as the effects of water and weathering. In this project, 100 to 200-mm clean, hard stones were basically specified, and about 50-mm rubbles were also used. Test application of new mattress system carried out in the stream bank of a small stream in the Gwangreung experimental forest, belonging to Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) in December 16th, 2006. As a result of the monitoring of vegetation coverage of test application plots (each plot size is 4 by 2 m), the coverage of all plots reached 100% in the end of May, 2007 (approximately 50 days passed after the first gemination of vegetation). The coverage of the plots using big hard stones and organic composts and the plots containing peat moss increased more rapidly. The results show that peat moss is effective to retain soil moisture and establish more sound environment for vegetation gemination.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.93-105
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• 2003

The Precast Concrete(PC) method was developed for a large production of a structure in Europe. Afterwards, this PC method has been applied to a structure and an outside Coating of buildings extensively. The outside Coating of the building applied this PC method is a method to put tiles or stones to base concrete. And there is a method to use paints for, so the expression of various patterns is possible. The Multi-Layer Coating is one of the methods to use paints. This Multi-Layer Coating method can show various designs of external appearance with Foam when it is made with the PC panel. Also, the paint film of the PC panel enables a splendid appearance, and a protective function of concrete is possible, too. Therefore, it makes good durability of the PC. Besides, maintenance is easy to manage because it is free from pollution when it uses metallic materials, stones, or any other materials. You might have no trouble in applying the Multi-Layer Coating method in order to save a merit of an outside Coating on the PC panel. However, the Multi-Layer Coating method used as a current outside Coating method has pollution and bad working environment because Oil Epoxy Resins have toxicity and flammability. Therefore, a lot of warnings are required for coating work in order to have appropriate quality because working hours are short, and production efficiency is low too. These reasons make the cost of construction of the Multi-Layer Coating method increase. And employers or designers may have problems in selecting this Multi-Layer Coating method. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to get activation of the Multi-Layer Coating method by offering improvement measures about the problems of the existing Multi-Layer Coating method.