• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 1998

Alkali-soluble extracts were prepared from medium-sized barks of Radiata pine(Pinus radiata). There are difficulties in the production of extracts with uniform quality and in the preparation of adhesives with suitable viscosity. Ultrafiltration using an Amicon cell was subjected to fractionate extracts according to molecular sizes in order to overcome the above problem. The filtration efficiency was studied by using thin channel filtration systems. Adhesive manufacturing was also examined. Removal of particles greater than 0.45m from the extracts increased both filtration speed (flux) and yields of solids in the filtrates. Ultrafiltration with PM 10 membrane was very effective to fractionate and concentrate the extracts. Stiasny precipitates from the filtrates obtained by PM 10 membrane were very lower than that(83%) of the retentates. This ultrafiltration method was efficient for obtaining high yield purified phenolic compounds(mainly polyflavanoids) and thus important for preparing wood adhesives from barks. The extracts were shown excessive high viscosities at the concentrations required for adhesive formulation, but this high viscosity and short gelation time was reduced by lowering pH of the extracts and addition of urea. The highest bonding strength of plywoods(340g/$m^2$ of adhesive spreads) was achieved with adhesive formulated by 100parts of mixed alkali extracts and urea(70/30,w/w), 10parts of p-formaldehyde and 3.5parts of wheat flour at pH 6, and by hot pressing at the conditions of 12kg/$cm^2$ at $120^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.253-256
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• 1998

Chemical investigation of hot hexane extract of the stem bark of Gordonia ceylanica afforded a new triterpenoid, $3{\beta}-acetoxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene$ (1) and three other oleanane triterpenoids, $3{\beta}-hydroxyolean-12-ene$ (2), $3{\beta}-acetoxyolean-12-ene$ (3), and $3{\beta}-acetoxyolean-12-en-11-one$ (4) which are new to the species. Structure of compound 1 was suggested by $^1H\;NMR,\;^{13}C\;NMR$ and MS spectral data and confirmed by converting to previously reported compound, erythrodiol diacetate (5). Structures of 2, 3 and 4 were established by comparison of the spectral data with the previously reported compounds. Further the acid hydrolysate of 4 was identical with $3{\beta}-hydroxyolean-12-en-11-one$ (6).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

소나무 수피로부터 alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone cooking을 통하여 생산된 Pine Bark Spent Liquor(PBSL)의 펠렛 내구성(ellet durability index(PDI)과 사료결착재로서 가능성을 구명하기 위하여 육계와 산란계 사료에 첨가·급여하였다. 실험1에서는 실용계 사료인 대조구, 소맥 10%와 (W10), 20% 첨가구(W20), PBSL 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00% 첨가구, 두 종류 시판용 사료결착제 0.1, 0.2%(CPB A와 CPB B), W10+0.1% CPB A or B로 14개 처리구를 4반복으로 하여 펠렛 내구성 조사를 시행하였다. PDI는 PDI tester(Oriental motors, Japan)로 측정하였다. 실험2에서는 1일령 육계수컷 200수를 무첨가구인 대조구외에 실험 1에서 최적으로 판단되는 처리구인 W10, PBSL 0.5%, 0.2% CPB A and B의 5개 처리구를 4반복으로 배치하여 시행하였다. 기초사료는 사육전기에 3,169와 3,149kca./kg ME와 21% CP를 급여하였고, 사육후기에는 3,192와 3,172 kcal/kg ME와 19% CP사료를 급여하였다. 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율은 주간별로 5주간 측정하였으며 실험 종료시에 장내 혐기적인 미생물 수를 조사하였다. 실험 3에서 24주령 로만 갈색계 450수를 이용하여 처리구는 실험 2와 동일하게 8주간 시행하였다. 처리구당 반복은 18수씩 5반복으로 90수 전체 450수를 이용하였다. 사료는 대상에너지 2,720 kcal/kg와 CP는 18.5%로 하였다. 처리구당 산란율, 난중, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율, 계란의 품질을 주간 별로 조사하였으며, 실험종료시에 혈액의 성상을 조사하였다. 실험 1에서 PBSL 0.5%, W10 0.5%, CPB A, B 0.2% 처리구의 PDI는 95.9, 95.9, 95.8. and 95.7로서 대조구에 비하여 현저하게 높았다.(P<0.05). 그러므로 이러한 결과는 실험2와 3에 적용하였다. 실험 2에서 PBSL 처리구의 증체량은 대조두와 통계적인 차이는 없었지만 W10과 CPB A와는 현저하게 차이가 있었다. (P<0.05). 사료요구율은 PBSL이나 다른 사료결착제 처리구에서 대조구에 비하여 개선되는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.459-467
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate if there were groundwater contamination in 17 landfill where slaughtered animals were buried during the crisis of 2002 foot-and-mouth-disease (FMD) outbreaks in Gyeonggi province. From March to August 2005 groundwater was collected once a month from 17 sites, and examined with potential for hydrogen (pH), colour, turbidity, lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) , iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) , aluminium (Al), nitrate-nitrogen $(NO_3-N)$, ammonia-nitrogen $(NH_3-N)$, microbial pathogen and Escherichia spp. In the examination of $NH_3-N$ which of the mean concentration was from not-detected (ND) to 0.05 mg/l. The range of $NH_3-N$ level was $0.3-24.1mg/{\ell}$. However, groundwater from four sites was to go beyond the drinking water quality standard (DWQS), i.e., the mean concentration of those were $15.5mg/{\ell}\;(site\;1),\;20.7mg/{\ell}\;(site\;9),\;24.1mg/{\ell}\;(site\;13)\;and\;10.6mg/{\ell}\;(site\;17)$. In the investigation of pH, colour and turbidity, all of the pH were below of DWQS (pH 5.8-6.6), but one site in color test and four sites in turbidity test were over the standard level. Among 9 metal ions examined, Mn was in excess of DWQS, and its concentration was $2.4mg/{\ell}$. Pb, Cd, Hg and As were not traced. The contents of Cu, Zn, Fe and Al were $ND-0.22mg/{\ell},\;0.01-0.05mg/{\ell},\;ND-0.05mg/{\ell}\;and\;0.03-0.16mg/{\ell}$, respectively. Escherichiae spp were not identified, but bacterial colonies were detected at 3 groundwater including 2 sites over the DWQS at the level of $491CFU/m{\ell}\;(site\;4)\;and\;217CFU/m{\ell}\;(site\;15)$.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2010

기후변화에 따른 집중호우와 장마로 댐 내에 가장 많이 유입되는 초목류와 2012년부터 해양투기가 전면 금지되는 하수슬러지의 자원재활용 방안으로 퇴비화 연구를 수행하였다. 처리구는 댐부유물 톱밥, 참나무수피, 하수슬러지, 계분을 30 : 20 : 40 : 10 (S-1)과, 댐부유물 톱밥, 참나무수피, 하수슬러지, 계분을 30 : 30 : 30 : 10(S-2)로 설정하여 퇴비화 과정 중 이화학적 특성 등을 분석하였다. S-1과 S-2 처리구 모두 퇴적더미 내부온도가 $65^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 10일 정도 유지되어 대부분의 병원균이 사멸되었고, 최종 90일째 pH는 S-1 처리구가 7.78로 S-2 처리구보다 약간 더 높았다. C/N율은 S-1 처리구가 15.3, S-2 처리구는 16.9 였다. 최종 제품의 품질은 부산물비료 퇴비공정규격에 적합하였다. 부숙도 평가에서 발아지수는 S-1이 91, S-2가 84로 S-1이 더 높은 부숙도를 보였다. 따라서 우수한 품질과 안전성, 그리고 댐부유물 톱밥과 하수슬러지의 이용량이 가장 많은 배합비율인 S-1(댐부유물 톱밥 : 참나무수피 : 하수슬러지 : 계분 = 30 : 20 : 40 : 10)으로 제품을 생산하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.176-185
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• 2016

This research was conducted to evaluate various levels of dolomitic lime incorporated as pre-planting fertilizers on the growth of red-leaf lettuce. To achieve this, three root media were formulated by mixing coir dust with expanded rice hull (CD+ERH, 8:2, v/v), carbonized rice hull (CD+CRH, 6:4, v/v), and ground pine bark (CD+GRPB, 6:4, v/v). During formulation, equal amounts of essential nutrients, except dolomitic lime, were incorporated into all root media and the levels of dolomitic lime were varied from 0 to $7.5g\;L^{-1}$ at 1.5 g increments. Seedlings of red-leaf lettuces at the 3rd leaf stage were transplanted into each medium treatment. Crop growths were measured 5 weeks after transplant and soil solutions were collected every week and analyzed for pH, EC, and nutrient concentrations. The treatments showing the heaviest fresh and dry weights in CD+ERH, CD+CRH, and CD+GRPB were 4.5 g, 4.5 g, and $7.5g\;L^{-1}$ of dolomite, respectively. The pHs of three root media yielding the highest crop growths were in the ranges of 6.4 to 7.1. These ECs in CD+CRH medium were around $1.0dS\;m^{-1}$ higher than those of CD+ERH and CD+GRPB when application rates of dolomitic lime were equal. $K^+$ concentrations were higher than $Ca^{+2}$ and $Mg^{+2}$ concentrations until week 2 in three root media. But $Ca^{+2}$ and $Mg^{+2}$ concentrations were higher than $K^+$ concentrations after week 3 in all root media. The concentrations of $PO_4{^{-3}}$ in all root media got abruptly lower until week 2. These results indicate that appropriate levels of dolomitic lime, as pre-planting nutrient charge fertilizers in CD+ERH and CD+GRPB media, are 4.5 and $7.5g\;L^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1299-1306
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• 2015

This study aims to investigate the mechanism of action of the cinnamon bark essential oil (CB), when used singly and also in combination with piperacillin, for its antimicrobial and synergistic activity against beta-lactamase TEM-1 plasmid-conferred Escherichia coli J53 R1. Viable count of bacteria for this combination of essential oil and antibiotic showed a complete killing profile at 20 h and further confirmed its synergistic effect by reducing the bacteria cell numbers. Analysis on the stability of treated cultures for cell membrane permeability by CB when tested against sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that the bacterial cell membrane was disrupted by the essential oil. Scanning electron microscopy observation and bacterial surface charge measurement also revealed that CB causes irreversible membrane damage and reduces the bacterial surface charge. In addition, bioluminescence expression of Escherichia coli [pSB1075] and E. coli [pSB401] by CB showed reduction, indicating the possibility of the presence of quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. Gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry of the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum showed that trans-cinnamaldehyde (72.81%), benzyl alcohol (12.5%), and eugenol (6.57%) were the major components in the essential oil. From this study, CB has the potential to reverse E. coli J53 R1 resistance to piperacillin through two pathways; modification in the permeability of the outer membrane or bacterial QS inhibition.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제19권
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• pp.31-37
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• 2001

Uyeki(1928) classified Pinus densiflora into six ecotypes(Northeastem type, Middle-southern flat type, middle-southern upland type, Wibong type, Ankang type, and Geumgang type) based on the pine tree type. The bark color of Geumgang type was ash-brown color on the lower parts of stem and yellowed color on the upper parts of stem. We investigated the physicochemical properties of soil forests to obtain basic data for preservation of exellent pine (Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki). The results were as follows; The soil texture of the Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki forests were showed nearly as sandy loam, that is, sand, silt and clay were consisted of 72%, 15% and 13%, respectively. Soil acidity(pH 4.6) was lower than Korea average forest soil acidity(pH 5.2). The average contents of available phosphate was 11.7ppm at Sokwang-ri, 26.8ppm at Mt. Eungbong, 24.2ppm at Mt. Kumma. It was the lowest at Uljin(4.6ppm). The contents of carbon was 6.2% at Mt. Chungok, 6.1% at Mt. Eungbong. This value was more than average of Korea forest soil.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.95-99
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• 1992

N,N'-Oxalylbis(salicylaldehyde hydrazone)을 발색시약으로 하여 분광광도법에 의한 구리의 정량법을 개발하였다. 정량은 60% dimethylformamide 수용액(pH2)에서의 구리착물의 흡광도를 422nm의 파장에서 측정함으로써 수행되었다. 구리의 농도가 0.4${\sim}$1.8 ${\mu}$g/ml인 범위에서 정량이 가능하였으며 이 방법을 합성시료 및 합금시료의 분석에 적용하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제18권E3호
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• pp.153-163
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• 2002

A laboratory- scale dual-column biofilter system was used to study the biofiltration of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). The gas flow rate and DMDS concentration to the biofilter were varied to study their effect on the remov-al of dimethyl disulfide. Operating parameters such as pH, temperature, and water content were monitored during the biofilter operation and necessary precautions were taken to keep these parameters within the acceptable limits. It was observed that the removal efficiency of DMDS was optimal at neutral pH values. After five month op-eration, the neutralization of the filter beds with sodium carbonate became necessary for the optimum operation of the biofilters. The microbial population already present in the compost mixtures was found to be adequate in treat-ing DMDS. The compost mixtures were found to be similar in terms of biofiltration efficiency of DMDS. However, pressure drops observed in the first column compost mixture (compost/ peat mulch) was extremely high, making this compost economically not feasible. The second mixture (compost/bark) provided pressure drops within accept-able limits. A minimum residence time of 30 seconds at the optimal operating conditions appeared to be adequate for achieving high removal efficiencies (>90%).