• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1090-1099
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• 2007

Myristicin, l-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzene, was one of the major essential oils of nutmeg. However, its anti-allergic effect in the Th1/Th2 immune response was poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that T-bet and GATA-3 was master Th1 and Th2 regulatory transcription factors. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether myristicin regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine production, T-bet and GATA-3 gene expression in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model mice. Myristicin reduced levels of IL-4, Th2 cytokine production in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. In the other side, it increased $IFN-{\gamma}$, Th1 cytokine production in myristicin administrated mice. We also examined to ascertain whether myristicin could influence eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity. After being sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) showed typical asthmatic reactions. These reactions included an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung tissue around blood vessels and airways, and the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). The administration of myristicin before the last airway OVA challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. Accordingly, these findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of myristicin in terms of its effects in a murine model of asthma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.894-899
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• 2001

Intakes and excretions of zinc and copper were determined for 8 female adolescents (aged 16.4$\pm$0.5 y; body mass index 20.4$\pm$1.3kg/$m^2$; body fat 33.3$\pm$2.5%; bone mineral density of lumbar spine in L2-L4; 0.96$\pm$0.08g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) when they consumed diets basal and high in calcium for 6 days each. All subjects consumed a basal Ca diet containing 800 mg, Korean RDA level of the subjects, and a high Ca diet containing 1200mg, RDA plus 2 SDs of calcium intake. The diets provided 58% of energy intake as carbohydrate, 25% as fat, and 17% as protein. Food, urine and fecal samples were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding period and were assayed. Mean daily intakes on the basal and high calcium diets, respectively, were 6.57 and 6.37 mg for zinc and 910 and 812 $\mu\textrm{g}$for copper. Fecal excretion of copper and zinc in relation to intake was significantly greater on the high calcium than on the basal calcium diet. Hence, apparent absorption rate was significantly lowered from 98.7% on the basal calcium diet to 97.9% on the high calcium diet for zinc from 66.3% to 56.4% for copper, respectively. Urinary loss of copper was not detectable but that of zinc was 0.38mg on the basal diet and 0.47mg on the high calcium diet. Copper retention was 899$\pm$105$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the basal calcium diet and 792$\pm$20.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the high calcium diet, and zinc retention was 3.95$\pm$0.91mg/day and 3.11$\pm$0.89mg/day. Thus, copper and zinc retention was significantly decreased on the high calcium diet (p<0.05). Summarizing the results, apparent absorption and retention of zinc and copper were significantly decreased by calcium supplementation. Therefore, it is suggested that interactions among minerals should be considered in determining RDA.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.229-258
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• 2023

For the main countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the United States, China and Russia, a situation of "new normality" is emerging. Moreover, for each of the countries, this "new normality" has its own meaning. For the United States, this is an aggravation of the military confrontation with China in the Taiwan Strait. For China, this is an increase in the degree of rivalry with the United States and a slowdown in the pace of economic development with a very high probability of their decline in the future. For Russia, this is an almost complete curtailment of relations with the United States against the background of a special military operation and imposed sanctions. These nuances, in addition to the results of the 20th CPC Congress, will determine the main trends in Sino-American and Sino-Russian relations. It seems that China's attitude towards Russia will not change against the background of the Ukrainian crisis. Beijing will maintain a position of "benevolent neutrality" towards Moscow. At the same time, the balance between "goodwill" and "neutrality" may vary depending on the scope of Sino-Russian cooperation. For example, in the economic sphere, Chinese companies will be afraid to cooperate with Russian partners for fear of secondary sanctions. However, in general, Russia will retain its importance for China as the strongest anti-American pole. In relations with the United States, China will continue to firmly defend its interests, while at the same time not excluding the normalization of relations with Washington in certain areas of cooperation: strategic stability, non-traditional threats, ecology, etc. In general, the decisions of the 20th CPC Congress do not allow us to say either in favor or against the idea of China's readiness to resume dialogue with the United States in the post-congress period. Sino-American relations, as noted above, have their own logic and will probably continue to develop within its framework. However, so are Sino-Russian relations. Within the framework of these logics, Beijing seems to continue to balance between the two vectors of its foreign policy. On the one hand, this is the development of bilateral cooperation with Russia in order to strengthen its own negotiating positions in the confrontation with the United States: military cooperation with an emphasis on joint exercises, political cooperation based on anti-Americanism, economic cooperation with an eye to the risks of secondary sanctions. On the other hand, it is unacceptable for China to recognize the collapse of Ukraine, the inadmissibility of a direct military clash with the United States and the extreme undesirability of further aggravation of relations with the United States on the factor of Chinese friendship with Russia.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2008

Environment-indifferent developments have brought about a great deal of environmental pollution and a destruction of the ecosystem. The global interest in environmental pollution has emerged in accordance with the environmental regulations becoming ever stricter in the international society. Various attempts are being pitched in Korea such as the PERS (Prior Environmental Review System) and EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) and they practice a significant impact on the construction industry. Recently, there have been cases where large-scale national development businesses are delayed and terminated or re-examined for their feasibility for not having reflected and analyzed the environmental factors of the natural and ecological environment. We must sustain the ecological functions and balance and minimize environmental pollution issues that can be caused by land developments and preserve the natural environment so to induce environmentally-friendly development businesses. Thus, this research paper proposes environmental review categories of the natural ecosystem sector that can be applied to all stages of construction businesses including master planning stages, basic planning and execution designing stage, construction stage, and maintenance stage. The environmental review categories proposed in this paper are expected to offer a great deal of support in terms of inducing environment-sustainable development to decision makers in the master plan stage, designers in the basic planning and execution designing stage, and construction managers in the construction and maintenance stages.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.118-142
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• 2003

This study is aimed at evaluating the financial structure of hospitals before and after the separation of prescription and drug dispensing policy started to be implemented in July 2000 and at making a suitable hospital managerial strategy through the verification of the factors which have effect on their profitability. This study investigated the hospitals which have passed the accredition review to be designated as a accredited training hospital each year for three years from 1999 to 2001. Those hospitals were selected from members of the Korea Hospital Association. 106 hospitals were targeted for analysis except for the hospitals whose financial statements and managerial performance were not reported faithfully. The financial indicators used in this study were stability indicators(liability to total assets, ratio of debt to fund balance, fixed ratio), liquidity indicators(current ratio, quick ratio), activity indicators(total assets turnover, fixed assets turnover), profitability indicators(net profit to total assets, net profit to net worth, operating margin), and operating expenses to patient revenues indicators(drug and supplies costs/payroll/overhead expenses). The result of this study are as follows: First, the analysis of the increase of loss-making hospitals before and after. The separation of prescription and drug dispensing policy shows that the number of loss-making hospitals increase after the separation(22.6% before the separation; 31.1% after the separation). However, there was no significant statistical difference. Second, the analysis of operating expenses to patient revenues indicators showed that the ratio of drug and supplies cost became lower in all hospitals but the ratio of payroll/overhead expenses became higher. Additionally, the factor which have the greatest effect on profitability was operating expenses to patient revenues indicators (drug and supplies costs/payroll/overhead expenses). Third, the analysis of managerial performance by four types of loss-loss, loss-profit, profit-loss and profit-profit compared the results before the separation with those after the separation revealed as follows : Reliance on liability to total assets became higher in the profit-loss type($56.2%{\rightarrow}66.4%$), lower in the loss-profit type($82.7%{\rightarrow}74.5%$). Total assets turnover became higher in the profit-profit type($1.3{\rightarrow}1.5$), but lower in the loss-profit type($0.8{\rightarrow}0.7$). Operating margin decreased to minus 5.9% from 4.3% in the profit-loss type, but increased to 7.2% from minus 7.8% in the loss-profit type. Forth, operating expenses to revenues indicators showed that the increase of payroll was the biggest in the profit-loss type($39.2%{\rightarrow}49.9%$) and that overhead cost decreased in the loss-profit type but that rather increased in other types.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2018

Background: For understanding and evaluating a more realistic and accurate assessment of ecosystem carbon balance related with environmental change or difference, it is necessary to analyze the various interrelationships between soil respiration and environmental factors. However, the soil temperature is mainly used for gap filling and estimation of soil respiration (Rs) under environmental change. Under the fact that changes in precipitation patterns due to climate change are expected, the effects of soil moisture content (SMC) on soil respiration have not been well studied relative to soil temperature. In this study, we attempt to analyze relationship between precipitation and soil respiration in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest for 2 years in Gwangneung. Results: The average soil temperature (Ts) measured at a depth of 5 cm during the full study period was $12.0^{\circ}C$. The minimum value for monthly Ts was $-0.4^{\circ}C$ in February 2015 and $2.0^{\circ}C$ in January 2016. The maximum monthly Ts was $23.6^{\circ}C$ in August in both years. In 2015, annual precipitation was 823.4 mm and it was 1003.8 mm in 2016. The amount of precipitation increased by 21.9% in 2016 compared to 2015, but in 2015, it rained for 8 days more than in 2016. In 2015, the pattern of low precipitation was continuously shown, and there was a long dry period as well as a period of concentrated precipitation in 2016. 473.7 mm of precipitation, which accounted for about 51.8% of the precipitation during study period, was concentrated during summer (June to August) in 2016. The maximum values of daily Rs in both years were observed on the day when precipitation of 20 mm or more. From this, the maximum Rs value in 2015 was $784.3mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ in July when 26.8 mm of daily precipitation was measured. The maximum was $913.6mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ in August in 2016, when 23.8 mm of daily precipitation was measured. Rs on a rainy day was 1.5~1.6 times higher than it without precipitation. Consequently, the annual Rs in 2016 was about 12% higher than it was in 2015. It was shown a result of a 14% increase in summer precipitation from 2015. Conclusions: In this study, it was concluded that the precipitation pattern has a great effect on soil respiration. We confirmed that short-term but intense precipitation suppressed soil respiration due to a rapid increase in soil moisture, while sustained and adequate precipitation activated Rs. In especially, it is very important role on Rs in potential activating period such as summer high temperature season. Therefore, the accuracy of the calculated values by functional equation can be improved by considering the precipitation in addition to the soil temperature applied as the main factor for long-term prediction of soil respiration. In addition to this, we believe that the accuracy can be further improved by introducing an estimation equation based on seasonal temperature and soil moisture.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2016

Purpose - Many variables are needed for brand loyalty such as brand attitude, brand attachment, brand love and brand commitment. Thus, we should manage these all variables successfully for strong and differentiated brand equity. This study aims to identify the process of how the brand value propositions affect the brand attitude and brand attachment. This study specially conceptualizes that not only utilitarian value and hedonic value influence the brand attitude but also hedonic value influences the brand attachment. This study focuses on the moderating role of consumer involvement such as cognitive involvement and affective involvement in the causal relationships among brand value propositions, brand attitude, and brand attachment. Research design, data, and methodology - The five hypotheses were proposed and tested in this study. Three hypotheses were about the relationship among the brand value propositions(utilitarian value and hedonic value), brand attitude, and brand attachment. The other two hypotheses were about the moderating effect on consumer involvement in the causal relationships among brand value propositions, brand attitude, and brand attachment. Research data were collected from the students of universities located in Daejeon-Si and Chungchungnam-Do. For the purpose of test the hypotheses empirically, the 208 responses were used. We utilized SPSS18.0 for statistical analysis such as reliability test, factor analysis, and regression analysis. Results - The results show that the utilitarian value and hedonic value have influence on the brand attitude positively. The results also show that the hedonic value has influence on the brand attachment positively. We found that there is a moderating effect on the cognitive involvement in the relationship between the utilitarian value and the brand attitude. However, there is no moderating effect on the affective involvement in the relationship between the hedonic value and brand attachment. In Summary, 4 of 5 hypotheses in this study were supported and 1 hypothesis was not supported. We should identify the reason why the hypothesis 5, the moderating effect of the affective involvement in the relationship between the hedonic value and brand attachment, was rejected in this empirical analysis. Conclusions - Both the utilitarian value and the hedonic value that propose a brand are important for brand attitude. Specially, the hedonic value is important for brand attachment. Companies should provide the consumers with both the utilitarian value and the hedonic value in a balanced way for their favorable brand attitude and strong brand attachment. In the retail industry, the balance between the utilitarian value and the hedonic value is important in that there are many product brands and store brands providing consumers with various benefit and values. Also, there are possibilities that the causal relationships among brand value propositions, brand attitude and brand attachment are moderated by consumer involvement such as cognitive involvement and affective involvement. Companies should understand and consider consumer involvement for their efficient and effective brand management decision making.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2002

The main purpose of this research is to discuss the urban heat island which will be caused by urbanization, especially by the construction of new town on a wide green zone. Over the last ten years, five new towns have been developed around the Seoul metropolitan area. However these new towns become bedroom communities and create traffic problems between Seoul and its surrounding areas because of an increase in population and a lack of roads and other infrastructures. The construction of another such new town is under consideration in the Pan-gyo area. But it is important that Pan-gyo remains a wide green zone. Many studies show that green space can play an important role in improving urban eco-meteorological, ameliorative capability and air hygiene. The objective of this study is to analyze the urban heat islands of Bund-Dang Si which was constructed in 1996 and of the Pan-Gyo area planned as new town. To investigate the local thermal environment and its negative effects caused by change of the land use type and urbanization we used LANDSAT TM images for extraction of urban surface temperature according to change of land use over 15 years. These data were analyzed together with digital land use and topographic data. As a study result, we found that the thermal island of this area from 1985 to 1999 rapidly increased with a difference of mean temperature of more than 12'E. Before construction of Bun-Dang Si the temperature of this area was the same as the forest, but during the new town construction in 1991, an urban heat island developed. The temperature of forest with a size of over 50% of the investigation area was lowest, which leads us to conclude that the forest cools the urban and its surroundings. The mean temperature of the residential and commercial area is more than +4.5$^{\circ}C$ higher then forest, so this method of land use is the main factor increasing the urban heat island. Urban heat islands and green space play an important role in urban wind systems, i.e. Thermal Induced Air Exchange and Structural Wind Circulation, because of their special properties with regard to energy balance between constructed urban and land. The skill to allocate land use types in urban areas is a very important planning device to reduce air pollution and induce the fresh cold air from green space. An urban climatic experiment featuring a numerical wind simulation study to show the air corridor will be published in a following research paper.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 1997

The hydrogeochemical study on the 15 natural waters was carried out in the vicinity of tunnel excavation site of Donghae largely composed of granite and limestone. The water samples can be classified based on their chemical characteristics into two groups; waters draining in the granitic region(group 1) and the limestone region(group 2). This classification was also confirmed by statistical examination through cluster analysis, and the tunnel seepage waters collected at the same site appear to be included in group 1 and 2 by their sampling period, respectively. According to factor analysis, the waters of group 1 art mainly represented by the weathering of plagioclase to kaolinite and those of group 2 are characterized by the dissolution of calcite. Different properties of the tunnel seepage waters are thought to be resulted from the effective waterproofing processes conducted during the sampling interval to the surface and subsurface leakage zones at the granitic region, which contributed to the change of groundwater flow system. However both the tunnel seepage waters seem to have thermodynamically interacted with rock-forming minerals in their wallrocks. The mixing ratio of the waters from two groups and water-rock interactions are evaluated quantitatively for the tunnel seepage waters through the mass balance approach, and the results are identical with the previous conclusions in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.317-326
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• 1998

This study was to investigate the eating attitute, the factor related to health, dietary habit and perceived stress of college students. Three hundred thirty three college students in Seoul area surveyed to obtain the information from July 14 to 23, 1997 The 53.5% of college students were normal weight and 43.3% of them were underweight. But female students(68.7%) showed higher proportion of underweight than male students(20.1%). Male student s(73.2%) who take exercise more than 1-2 times per week were more than female students(48.0%). Most college students(84.4%) were not satisfied their body shape and 80% of female students prefer slimmer body shape than their own body shape. The 61.5% college students did not consider the balance of meal and female students took more vegetable and fruit than male students. The 83.8% of college students took milk and yogurt more than 2-3 times per week. Dietary habit score of female students were better than that of male students. Most college students(73.8%) were highly stressed in their living. However, exercise and regularity of eating could lower their perceived stress.