• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.55-65
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of CP pharmacopunture using bacterial reverse mutation test. Methods: To determine the mutagenic potential of CP pharmacopunture, histidine requiring Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and tryptophan requiring Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA, pKM101) strains were used. The negative (normal saline solution) and positive (Sodium azide, 2-Nitrofluorene, 2-Aminoanthracene, 9-Aminoacridine, and 4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide) control groups were used. To determine the dose levels of the main study, a dose range-finding study was conducted. Results: As a results of the dose range-finding study, the growth inhibition by CP pharmacopunture was not evident at any dose levels in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. As a results of the main study, the mean number of revertant colonies was less than twice when compared to the negative control values at all dose levels of the CP pharmacopuncture in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, showing no dose-related increase. In the positive control group, the number of revertant colonies was markedly increased by more than twice when compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, CP pharmacopunture did not show any signs of mutagenic potential.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.259-264
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• 1999

To evaluate the bacterial reverse mutation of xylooligosaccharide(XO)s the in vitro Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium (TA9S, TAIOO, TA1535, TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA) was performed. XO was negative in Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli with and without rat liver microsomal enzyme (S-9 fraction). According to the results, XO does not cause bacterial reverse mutation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.268-273
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• 2002

Mutagenic potential of HM10411 (recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor) was evaluated by bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosome aberration test and in vivo micronucleus test. The bacterial reverse mutation test was performed using the histidine auxotroph strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537 and tryptophan auxotroph strain of Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. The negative results of the bacterial reverse mutation test suggest that HM10411 does not induce mutation, in the genome of Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli under the conditions used. In addition, it has little clastogenicity either in vitro chromosome aberration test or in vivo micronucleus test. For in vitro chromosomal aberration test, Chinese hamster lung(CHL) cells were exposed to HM10411 of 23, 46 or 92 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for 6 or 24 hours in the absence and for 6 hours in the presence of metabolic activation system. There was no significant increase in the number of aberrant metaphase in HM 10411-treated groups at any dose levels both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system. The micronucleus test was carried out using specific pathogen free(SPF) 7-week old male ICR mice, The test item, HM10411 was intraperitoneally administered at 1150, 2300 or 4600 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg once a day for 2 consecutive days. There was no significant increase in the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes(PCEs) at any treated groups compared with negative control group. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the test item, HM10411, was not mutagenic under the condition of these studies.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.175-178
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• 2005

Clean Natural is a new disinfectant of which main components are propolis and wood vinegar from Quercus mongolica. To evauate the bacterial reverse mutation of Clean Watural, the in vitro Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 were performed with clean natural at the concentrations 0, 5, 2.5, and 1.25 mg/ml/plate. Clean Natural was negative in Ames test with Salmonella typhymuyium with and without rat liver microsomal enzyme (S-9 fraction). These results indicate that Clean Watural does not cause bacterial reverse mutation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.193-197
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• 2004

To evaluate the bacterial reverse mutation of wild ginseng culture extract, the in vitro Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1,535, TA98, TA1,537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA) were performed with wild ginseng extract at the concentrations 0, 1.6, 8, 40, 200, 1,000, 2,500 and $5,000{\mu}g/ml/plate$. Wild ginseng culture extract was negative in Ames test with both Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli with and without rat liver microsomal enzyme (S-9 fraction). According to these results, we concluded that wild ginseng culture extract did not cause bacterial reverse mutation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2012

Zizyphi spinosi semen (Z. spinosi) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and wounds. However, toxicity in high doses was often observed due to the presence of alkaloids. This study was conducted to investigate the potential genotoxicity of Z. spinosi in vitro and in vivo. This was examined by the Bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, Chromosomal aberration was investigated using Chinese hamster lung cells and the micronucleus test using mice. Z. Spinosi did not induce mutagenicity in the Ames test, and it did not produce chromosomal aberration in Chinese hamster lung cells with and without metabolic activation, nor in the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow cells in mice. Based on these results, it is concluded that Z. spinosi does not have mutagenic potential under the conditions examined in each study.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.217-219
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• 2013

Hypertension is a serious health problem due to high frequency and concomitant other diseases including cardiovascular and renal dysfunction. Olmesartan cilexetil is a new antihypertensive drug associated with angiotensin II receptor antagonist. This study was conducted to evaluate the mutagenicity of olmesartan cilexetil by bacterial reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA). At the concentrations of 0, 62, 185, 556, 1667, and 5000 ${\mu}g$/plate, olmesartan cilexetil was negative in both Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli regardless of presence or absence of metabolic activation system (S9 mix). These results demonstrate that olmesartan cilexetil does not induce bacterial reverse mutation.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.364-368
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• 2022

Objectives: Verbenalin is a compound found in herbs such as Cornus officinalis and Verbena officinalis. This study investigated whether verbenalin is safe by analyzing its mutagenicity. Methods: To examine the mutagenic potential of verbenalin, a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) was conducted with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains. Experiments with and without metabolic activity were performed. Results: The mean colony number was less than double that of the control. Growth inhibition and precipitation of verbenalin were not apparent in all strains at different concentrations regardless of metabolic activity. Conclusion: Verbenalin did not show any signs of mutagenicity in this study. Additional toxicity studies including repeated oral toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity tests are needed.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the mutagenic potential of dimethyl isophthalate (DMIP) using Ames bacterial reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test and mouse lymphoma $tk^{+/-}$ gene assay. As results, in Ames bacterial reversion assay, DMIP was tested up to the concentration of 5,000 ${\mu}g$/plate and did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA with or without metabolic activation (S9 mix). Using cytotoxicity test, the maximal doses of DMIP for chromosomal aberration assay were determined at 1,250 ${\mu}g/mL$, which was a minimum precipitation concentration ($IC_{50}>1,940\;{\mu}g/mL$ or 10 mM) and at 155 ${\mu}g/mL$ ($IC_{50}:155\;{\mu}g/mL$) in the presence and the absence, respectively, of S9 mix. DMIP in the presence of S9 mix induced statistically significant (P<0.001) increases in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations at the dose levels of over 250 ${\mu}g/mL$, when compared with the negative control. However, DMIP in the absence of S9 mix did not caused significant induction in chromosomal aberrant cells. In MLA, DMIP at the dose range of 242.5-1,940 ${\mu}g/mL$ in the presence of S9 mix induced statistically significant increases in mutation frequencies related to small colony growth, whereas any significant mutation frequency was not observed in absence of S9 mix. From these results, it is conclusively suggested that dimethyl isophthalate may be a clastogen rather than a point mutagen.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.25-39
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• 2021

Objectives: Ssanghwa-tang (SHT) is a traditional herbal formula comprising nine medicinal herbs, and it is used for reducing fatigue in Korea. SHT exerts various effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities, and protection against acute hepatotoxicity. However, the genotoxicity of SHT has not yet been established. Methods: Ten components were identified in SHT water extract by using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. We assessed the genotoxicity of SHT by using bacterial reverse mutation (Ames test), chromosome aberration, and in vivo micronucleus tests. Results: The contents of paeoniflorin, glycyrrhizin, and liquiritin apioside in SHT were 15.57, 6.94, and 3.48 mg/g extract, respectively. SHT did not increase the revertant colonies of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains in the presence or absence of metabolic activity. Although SHT did not induce structurally abnormal chromosomes in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells in the presence of metabolic activity, the number of structurally aberrated chromosomes increased dose-dependently in the absence of metabolic activity. In the in vivo micronucleus test, SHT did not affect the formation of micronuclei compared with the vehicle control. Conclusions: Genotoxicity of SHT was not observed in the Ames test and in vivo micronucleus test. However, based on the results of chromosome aberration test, it can be presumed that SHT has the potential to induce genotoxicity because it induced structurally abnormal chromosomes in the absence of metabolic activity.