• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of the study was to identify effects of oral care protocol on bacterial floras of the oral cavity and oral health status of intubated patients in an intensive care unit. Methods: The participants were 60 intubated patients who were recruited from an intensive care unit of a university hospital from Dec. 28, 2010 to Mar. 25, 2011. The participants were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 20 patients according to the application time of oral care (1-minute oral care, 2-minute oral care, and 3-minute oral care groups). The numbers of bacterial flora colonies in the oral cavity was assessed before and after the oral care. Oral health status was assessed using a Korean version of the Oral Assessment Guide developed by Elier et al. originally. Results: The numbers of bacterial flora colonies were less after oral care than those before the care, but there was no significant differences among the 3 groups after the care. Oral health status was better after the oral care than it was before the care, but there was also no significant differences among the 3 groups. Conclusion: If well-trained nurses perform oral care for 1 minute using a chlorhexidine swab on intubated patients, the numbers of bacterial flora colonies will be reduced and healthy oral status will be maintained.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 1997

In order to investigate bacterial sanitary condition of fish and shellfish, we examined the normal flora in the 25 species of commercial fish and shellfish, and also proportional change of normal flora by storage period and temperature. Isolated 334 wereisolated in the normal fish and shellfish and predominant genera were Pseudomonas (25.2%), Staphylococcus(10%), Acinetobacter (7.2%), Vibrio (6.9%), Micrococcus (5.4%), Aeromonas (5.2%), and Enterobacter (5.2%). In accordance with storage period and temperature, Pseudomonas grew on high ratio at 1$0^{\circ}C$ steadily, but Proteus had increased proportionally at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$. Additionally, Yeast, and Micrococcus had decreased by period.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.807-811
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• 1971

This report was concerned with the isolation and identification of bacterial flora in the human dental plaque and the dextransucrase activity of isolated species. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The bacterial flora, isolated from the human dental plaque, was identified as 3 species of resembling streptococci, Streptococcus salivarius strain SD-1, Streptococcus bacilli, Lactobacillus brevis strain SD-3, Lactobacillus acidophilus strain SD-2 and SD-7, resembling Staphylococcus sp, and one species of resembling Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain SD-6. 2. The dextransucrase activites of resembling Streptococcus mitis strain SD-9 and Streptococcus salivarius strain SD-1 were exhibited the highest among the isolated species of human dental plaque.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2023

Isolation of pollutant-degrading bacteria is important in bioaugmentation, one of the methods for biological degradation of environmental contaminants. We focused on the magnetic activated sludge (MAS) process as a culture method that efficiently concentrates degrading bacteria, and cultured activated sludge with 1,4-dioxane as a model pollutant. After 860 days of operation, MLVSS, which indicates the amount of sludge, increased from 390 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L, and the removal rate of organic matter including 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and glucose in the artificial wastewater reached up to 97%. Based on these results, the MAS process was successfully used to acclimate activated sludge with 1,4-dioxane. Bacterial flora analysis in the MAS showed that bacteria of the genus Pseudonocardia, already reported as 1,4-dioxane degrading bacteria, play an important role in the degradation of this pollutant. The MAS process is a suitable culture method for acclimation of environmental pollutants, and the findings indicate that it can be used as an enrichment unit for pollutant-degrading bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.175-180
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• 1973

This study was attempted to see more clear relationships among the enterobacteria, especially between the intestinal normal flora and pathogenic bacteria. It has been known that some intestinal normal flora produce the bactrial metabolites that are harmful to other enteric bacteria. One of the metabolites is known as colicin, the protein fraction, which possesses certain degree of inhibitory effect against other bacterial growth fraction, whih possesses certain degree of inhibitory effect against other bacterial growth. As a preliminary study for a colicin purification, the antagonistic effect of E, coli to groups of Salmonella and Shigella has been studied by means of in vitro quantitative culture method. 1. E.coli showed definite inhibitory effects aganist both Salmonella and Shigella groups in the mixture of two organisms. 2. The inhibitory effects of E.coli in the E.coli-Salmonella and the E.coli-Shigella mixture occurred from 4 hours incubation following the inoculation. 3. Even the complete inhibition of pathogenic enteric bacterial growth was noticed in the E.coli-Salmonella mixture at overnight incubation. 4. Among the diluted mixtures, 1:100, 1:1,000, and 1:10,000, survival rate of pathogenic enteric bacteria in the mixtures with E.coli showed least affected at the 1:1,000 dilution. 5. It was found that the antagonistic effect aganist groups of Salmonella-shigella was depending upon the groups of the genera.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1131-1140
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• 2014

This research focused on the effects of different doses of Bacillus subtilis KN-42 on the growth performance, diarrhea incidence, faecal bacterial flora, and the relative number of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli in faeces of weaned piglets to determine whether the strain can serve as a candidate antimicrobial growth promoter. A total of 360 piglets (initial body weight $7.14{\pm}0.63$ kg) weaned at $26{\pm}2$ days of age were randomly allotted to 5 treatment groups (4 pens per treatment with 18 pigs per pen) for a 28-day trial. Dietary treatments were basal diet without any antimicrobial (negative control; NC), basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg feed of neomycin sulfate (positive control; PC) and basal diet supplemented with $2{\times}10^9$ (L), $4{\times}10^9$ (M) and $20{\times}10^9$ (H) CFU/kg feed of B. subtilis KN-42. During the overall period, average daily gain and feed efficiency of piglets were higher in groups PC, M, and H than those in group NC (p<0.05), and all probiotics and antibiotics groups had a lower diarrhea index than group NC (p<0.05). The 16S rDNA gene-based methods were used to analyze faecal bacterial flora on day 28 of experiment. The result of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that supplementation of B. subtilis KN-42 to the diet changed the bacterial communities, with a higher bacterial diversity and band number in group M than in the other four groups. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the relative number of Lactobacillus were higher in groups PC and H than in group NC (p<0.05), and the supplemented B. subtilis KN-42 to the diet also reduced the relative number of E. coli (p<0.05). These results suggest that dietary addition of B. subtilis KN-42 can improve the growth performance and gastrointestinal health of piglets.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1979

To evaluate the sanitary conditions of four species of commercial shellfish (Crassostrea gigas, Tapes japonica, Mytilus coruscus and Anadara granosa), the psychrotrophic coliforms and the bacterial flora were monthly examined from January to December, 1978. Viable cell counts of the samples submitted were $1.3\times10^3\~2.5\times10^6/g$ and the numbers of coliform and E. coli were above $0\~5.5\times10^2/g\;and\;2\~9.2\times10^2/100g$ respectively. Among the 373 coliform bacteria isolated from the samples submitted, 298 strains were identified as coliform by IMViC test, $44^{\circ}C$ culture and gelatin liquefaction test. E. coli type I and K. aerogenes type I were the most predominant ones among the identified coliform as 138 strains and 71 strains respectively. The psychrotrophic coliform growing at $5^{\circ}C$ were 186 $strains(50\%)$ among 373 strains of isolated coliform. Vibrio and Pseudomonas were the most predominant groups. Among 453 strains of isolated bacteria, Vibrio was 240 $strains(53\%)$ and Pseudomonas was 91 $strains(20\%)$. Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacterium-Cytophage were scantly detected. In seasonal variation of general bacterial flora, a lot of Vibrio appeared from May to October, did Moraxella during the winter season and the other genuses showed no seasonal change.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.199-203
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• 1990

To study distribution of bacterial flora and their biochemical characteristics in the Antarctic soilecosystem, these experiments were performed during the austral summer(Feb., 1989) on the King George Island, Antarctica. The numbers of heterotrophic bacterial colonies and extracellular enzyme actibities were estimated from the Antarctic terrestrial soils which were sampled from 17 different locations near Sejong station (Korea) and Teniente Jubany station (Argentina) on the King George Island. The numbers of heterotrophic bacterial colonies were extremely variable with sampling sites and incubation temperatures. Arithmetric average numbers were $2.5\times 10^{4}$, $2.7\times 10^{7}$ , $6.9\times 10^{5}$ CFU/$cm^{3}$ soil at the incubation temperature of $37^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $4^{\circ}C$, respectively. The activities of extracellular $\alpha$-glucosidase, $\beta$-glucosidase and N-acetyl-$\beta$-glucosaminidase were shown as similar mean percentage in the colonies obtained at different temperatures. Mean value of protease activities, however, was remarkably higher (92%) in the colonies grown at $4^{\circ}C$,.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2017

The Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) belongs to the family Gadidae; it is a cold water fish, and has been developed as a novel aquaculture species in Korea. In this study, we describe ongoing surveillance for aquatic animal pathogens based on growth stages. We investigated bacterial flora in rearing water, and monitored pathogens; we also analyzed histopathological traits of abnormal fish. In rearing water, the total bacterial counts were $2.1{\times}10^3cfu/mL$ and Vibrio spp. (52%) were predominant in the larvae stage. In the juvenile and adult stages, the total bacterial counts were $3.4{\times}10^3$ and $3.2{\times}10^2cfu/mL$, respectively (with Pseudomonas sp. as the predominant species; 90% and 52%). This result revealed that the bacterial flora in rearing water changed depending on the feeding types. No virulent-bacteria or problematic viruses (VHSV, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus; NNV, nervous necrosis virus; MBV, marine birnavirus) were detected from outwardly healthy fish using either culture or PCR assay. Some juveniles (less than 5%) had gas bubbles on the gill lamellae, degeneration of the corneal epithelium, and choroid gland degeneration, suggesting that these symptoms were caused by external injury and secondary infection by opportunistic bacteria. Disease management is important to cope with disease emergence in the novel aquaculture species Alaska pollock.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.834-843
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• 2011

Bacterial diversity was studied using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing. DNA was isolated from digesta samples from stomach, ileum and colon of 28 weaned piglets (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) fed dry control feed, naturally fermented liquid feed (FE) and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue feed. General bacterial diversity was described using DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S rDNA. The microbial populations in the stomach and the ileum were considerably influenced by the diet, while only marginal effects were observed in the colon. There was a large variation of the microbial flora in the stomach between individuals fed non-fermented diets. In contrast, animals fed diet FE had a more uniform microbial flora in the stomach and the ileum compared to the other diets. In total 47 bands from the DGGE profiles were cloned. In stomach, most frequently lactic acid bacteria were found. Feeding diet FE resulted in the occurrence of Pediococcus species in stomach and ileum. In pigs fed the other diets, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus fermentum were found in stomach and ileum. Most of the sequences of bands isolated from colon samples and several from ileum matched to unknown bacteria, which often grouped within Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. This study demonstrates that fermented liquid feed affects bacterial diversity and the specific microflora in stomach and ileum, which provides a potential to modulate the gut microflora with dietary means to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and improve piglets' health.