• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.513-521
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• 2017

Infectious diarrhea is endemic in most developing countries. We aimed to investigate the protozoan, viral, and bacterial causes of acute diarrhea in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional prospective 1-year study was conducted on 163 diarrheal patients of various ages. Stool samples were collected, 1 per patient, and tested for 3 protozoa, 3 viruses, and 9 bacteria with the Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. Overall, 53.4% (87/163) of samples were positives (20.8% protozoa, 19.6% viruses, 2.8% bacteria, and 9.8% mixed). Rotavirus (19.6%), Giardia duodenalis (16.5%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (8.5%) were the mostly detected pathogens. Adenovirus 40/41 (4.2%), Salmonella (3%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (3%), and Entamoeba histolytica (2.4%) were also detected. Norovirus GI/II, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B were not detected in any patients. All pathogens were involved in coinfections except E. histolytica. Giardia (5.5%) and rotavirus (3%) were the most commonly detected in co-infections. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (2.4%), Campylobacter spp. (2.4%), E. coli 0157 (1.8%), and Shigella spp. (1.2%) were detected in patients only as co-infections. Infections were more in children 0-4 years, less in adults <40 years, and least >40 years, with statistically significant differences in risk across age groups observed with rotavirus (P<0.001), Giardia (P=0.006), and Cryptosporidium (P=0.036) infections. Lastly, infections were not significantly more in the spring. This report demonstrates the high burden of various enteropathogens in the setting. Further studies are needed to define the impact of these findings on the clinical course of the disease.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2022

Background: The risk of imported infectious diseases has been increasing with the annual rise in the number of international travelers. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the distribution and characteristics of intestinal bacteria isolated in 2019 from residents of Chungcheongnam-do Province with experience of travelling overseas. Methods: Twenty-three former overseas travelers with diarrhea were analyzed to detect viruses and bacteria according to the Manual for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens at Outbreaks. Additionally, antibiotic susceptibility tests and 16s rRNA sequencing were performed. Results: Twenty-five strains of ten pathogens were isolated from 18 samples. Pathogenic E. coli was the most common at 57.7%, followed by Clostridium perfringens (15.4%), Campylobacter spp. (7.7%), and Salmonella spp. (7.7%). The serotype of Salmonella was confirmed as Salmonella Braenderup, II 9,46:g,[m],[s],t:[e,n,x]. Conclusions: It was confirmed that the major enteric bacterial pathogens isolated from overseas travelers in Chungcheongnam-do Province were pathogenic E. coli, as found in other studies. The study on Plesiomonas shigelloides is meaningful in that it is reported as a rare case of infection in Korea. Antibiotic resistance and 16s rRNA analysis were performed, which is expected to provide important basic data for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.327-335
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• 2006

An epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections was conducted to determine the prevalence of enteropathogens in the Republic of Korea during one year, 2003. We tested for infectious diseases in 26,992 stool samples obtained from people who visited clinics located in six big cities and six rural provinces. From these samples, we isolated 1,291 cases of enteritis bacterial infection (4.8%). In the urban areas, 821 cases of bacterial infection (6.4%) were identified and, in the rural areas, 479 bacterial strains (3.3%) were isolated. Seasonal patterns were seen for diarrhea associated with S. aureus, S. coli and V. parahaemolyticus, while Salmonella and Shigella infections showed slight seasonal variation. We found that S. aureus and Salmonella were more frequently isolated from children and the elderly; however, the prevalence of E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus, and Shigella were similar in different age groups. Routine monitoring of these infections is considered a worthwhile means by which to elucidate their epidemiology and modes of transmission and ultimately to control them more effectively. Continuous laboratory-based surveillance for findings of enteritis bacterial infection should be emphasized in the prevention of these infections.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.41-77
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is that infant artificial feeding products is used in clonic with the study on characteristic, ingredients and indication of geneal and special modified milks. The result is as follows. 1. The main ingredients of four company products-Maeil , Namyang, Pasteur, Aebout is similar but the functional is different 2. General infant formula is divided into 100days, 5-6months, 12months, 24months and 36months out of consideration for growth and development of infant. 3. The indication and sorts of the special infant formula used at a hospital is as follows. PKU-1, PKU-2 formula is available for phenylketonuria. MPA formula is available for propionic acidemia and methylmalonic acidomia. UCD is available for urea cycle disorder Leucine-free formula is available for isovaleric acidemia. Maeil LP is available for hypocalcemia. MCT formula is available for indigestion and malabsorption of fat. BCAA-free formula is available for Maple syrup urine disease. Protein-free formula is available for limit of protein uptake or mixture of peculiar amino acid or higher uptake of mineral, vitamin, calory. Methionine-free formula is available for homocystinuria and hypermethioninemia. Premature infant is available for premature and low birth weight. 4. The special infant formula published in nation is as follows. Maeil soy A, Maeil MF1, Namyang hope doctor and Maeil HA is available for diarrhea. Maeil HA, Maeil HA-21 and Namyang hope allergy is available for hypoallergy. Maeil soy A is available for diarrhea of milk allergy. Maeil MF1 or Namyang hope doctor is available for acute bacterial or viral temporal diarrhea. Maeil HA is available for allergic chronic diarrhea. Maeil HA and Namyang hope allergy as eHP-formula is available for chronic diarrhea for lactose intolerance and milk allergy. Maeil-21 as pHP-formula for neonates with allergy family, allergic symptoms such as atopic dermatitis, asthma except digestive system.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.145-148
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• 2003

Many antibiotic monographs cite the induction of vaginal infections as a possible side effect. Invariably, this is believed to be due to Candide albicans, and empirical therapy is given. However, recent studies raise the question of the extent to which yeast do infect the host after antibiotic use. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was undertaken on female patients to determine how many yeast infections occurred following 10 days antibiotic use. In addition, the study was designed to examine whether oval use of probiotic lactobacilli can reduce the risk of vaginal infection. Twenty four patients diagnosed with respiratory, oval or throat infections received one of several types of antibiotic for 10 days, and two capsules containing 10$^{9}$ dried Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 from the day of commencement of antibiotic therapy for 21 days. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic was biaxin (clarithromycin). All but one patient had lactobacilli in the vagina upon entry to the study, and none developed yeast vaginitis or diarrhea during treatment or 20 days after completion of antibiotics. The mean Nugent score was higher in the placebo than the lactobacilli group (4.1 versus 2.4), and three cases of bacterial vaginosis arose (25 % incidence compared to 0% in the lactobacilli group) in the placebo group (2 receiving cefuroxime, 1 on biaxin). The study suggested that current antibiotic use is not necessarily associated with either diarrhea or yeast infection, as is often surmised. Nevertheless, daily use of probiotics was safe and could potentially reduce the risk of patients developing bacterial vaginosis after antibiotic use.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2010

In this study, feeding fermented colostrum to Holstein calves was investigated to find out the effects on their growth and inhibition of diarrhea. The results of this study showed that the mixture of L. rhamnosus and E. faecium would be proper bacteria for fermentation of colostrum because of favorable odor, inhibition of coliform bacteria and high number of lactic acid bacterial count. Among the groups of calves fed 0, 5, 10 and 20% of fermented colostrums, average body weight gain for 28 days on feeding fermented colostrum were 16.6, 16.6, 17.4 and 18 kg, respectively showing that calves fed 20% fermented colostrum achieved the highest body weight gain. Occurrence of diarrhea due to feeding various levels of fermented colostrum was also recorded. Three calves out of 5 suffered diarrhea in 0%, 5%, and 20% group, on the other hand, all 5 calves suffered diarrhea in 10% group. Diarrhea persisted for durations were 2.7, 2.4, 4.0, and 2.4 days in 0, 5, 10, and 20% group, respectively. Fermented colostrum did not prevent the occurrence of diarrhea. In overall, addition of fermented colostrum above 10% level showed favorable effects in gaining body weight under the conditions of adding more portions of the fermented colostrum either for 14 days or longer feeding period of the fermented colostrum. On the other hand, fermented colostrum showed no beneficial effect in prevention of diarrhea in this study.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.589-592
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• 2020

Cyclospora cayetanensis is an apicomplexan protozoan and is one of the most common pathogens causing chronic diarrhea worldwide. Eight stool samples with diarrheal symptom out of 18 Korean residents who traveled to Nepal were obtained, and examined for 25 enteropathogens including 16 bacterial species, 5 viral species, and 4 protozoans in stool samples as causative agents of water-borne and food-borne disease. Only C. cayetanensis was detected by nested PCR, and 3 PCR-positive samples were sequenced to confirm species identification. However, the oocysts of C. cayetanensis in fecal samples could not be detected by direct microscopy of the stained sample. As far as we know, this is the first report of a group infection with C. cayetanensis from a traveler visiting Nepal, and the second report of a traveler's diarrhea by C. cayetanensis imported in Korea.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Probiotics are traditionally defined as viable microorganisms that have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of pathologic conditions when they are ingested. Although there is a relatively large volume of literature that supports the use of probiotics to prevent or treat intestinal disorders, the scientific basis behind probiotic use has only recently been established, and clinical studies on this topic are just beginning to get published. Currently, the best studied probiotics are lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Other organisms used as probiotics in humans include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Bacteroides sp., Bacillus sp., Propionibacterium sp., and various fungi, and some probiotic preparations contain more than one bacterial strain. Probiotic use for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile induced intestinal disease as well as for other gastrointestinal disorders has been discussed in this review.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.497-501
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• 2006

Acute hemorrhagic enteritis was diagnosed in a seven-month-old male Shitzu dog dying of blood stained diarrhea and vomiting. Clinical findings were anorexia, dullness and sudden death after massive bloody diarrhea. At necropsy, main lesion was the hemorrhage in small intestine, mainly duodenum and jejunum. Microscopically, Gram positive long bacilli were massively detected on the mucose epithelial cells and necrotic debris of small intestine. Coagulative necrosis of epithelial cells and thrombosis of small intestine were also identified. However, there was no lesion of crypt epithelium. Mineral infiltration in both gastric mucosa and renal tubules was detected and proliferation of fibrous tissue was also shown in corticomedullary regions. In bacterial examination, C perfringens was isolated in anaerobic culture and it was confirmed to type A by multiplex PCR. Therefore, the dog was diagnosed as C perfringens type A associated enteritis with uremia.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 1999

The most common cause of death is ostrich chick fading syndrome(OCFS), which is due to bacterial infection during artificial incubation and hatching. Six farmed ostrich chicks aged 3 and 10 days in Chonbuk province, were submitted to Chonbuk Livestock Development and Research Institute for necropsy, Clinically, birds showed hair loss, ocular exudate, lethargy, diarrhea, and subsequently died 3-5 days after onset of clinical signs. Grossly, umbilicus was enlarged. White-yellowish purulent nodules were scattered on the lung and the membrane of air-sac was thickened and had inflamed exudate on the surface in two chicks that died 3 days after hatching. In 10 days-old chick, intestine was shown rodding segmentally. Yolk sac was still retarded and its surface was partially hemorrahgic. The synovial fluid of the leg was yellowish. Microscopically, multifocal purulent exudates were scattered on the lung. Capillary microthrombi in the glomerulus were prominent and tubular epithelia were necrotic. Necrotic hepatocytes were scattered and intestine were congested. Microbiologically, Pseudomonas sp and/or E coli were isolated from air-sac, lung and/or liver. This case suggests that poor hygiene during artificial incubation, hatching or in the first week after hatching may cause high mortality of the ostrich chicks.