• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the effects of backward walking training with task orientation on the functional walking ability of children with cerebral palsy. Methods: This study was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial with a crossover design conducted at a single rehabilitation facility with cross-over to the other intervention arm following a two-week break. For a total of 12 children with spastic hemiplegia cerebral palsy, the forward walking training group (n=6) underwent training three times a week for three weeks, 40 minutes a day, and the backward walking training group (n=6) was also trained under the same conditions. To identify the functional walking ability, variables, such as the walking speed, stride length, and step length, were measured using a walk analyzer (OptoGait, Microgate S.r.l, Italy). Results: Both groups showed significant increases in walking speed, stride length, and step length (p<0.01). The backward walking group showed more significant improvement in the walking speed from pre- to post-test (p<0.05). The gait characteristics were similar in the two groups (stride length and step length) but the walking speed in the backward walking group showed a mean difference between the positive effects higher than the forward walking group. Conclusion: Task-oriented backward walking training, which was conducted on the ground, may be a more effective treatment approach for improving the walking functions of spastic hemiplegia children than forward walk training.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2021

Background: Lunge exercises are lower extremity rehabilitation and strengthening exercises for patients and athletes. Most studies have shown the effectiveness of the forward and backward lunge exercises for treating patellofemoral pain and anterior cruciate ligament injuries (by increasing lower extremity muscle activity) and improving kinematics. Objects: However, it is not known how the two different lunge movements affect trunk muscle activities in healthy individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominis and erector spinae muscles during forward and backward lunge exercises in healthy participants. Methods: Twelve healthy participants were recruited. Electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominis and erector spinae was recorded using surface electrodes during forward and backward lunges, and subsequently normalized to the respective reference voluntary isometric contractions of each muscle. Results: Activity of the erector spinae was significantly higher than that of the rectus abdominis during all stages of the backward lunge (p < 0.05). The activity of the erector spinae was significantly greater during the backward than forward lunge at all stages (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Backward lunging is better able to enhance trunk motor control and activate the erector spinae muscles.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제29권5_6호
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• pp.1143-1155
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• 2011

In this paper, we shall establish a new theorem on the existence and uniqueness of the solution to a backward doubly stochastic differential equations under a weaker condition than the Lipschitz coefficient. We also show a comparison theorem for this kind of equations.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 1986

본 논문에서는 FORWARD/BACKWARD 적응 디지털필터를 이용하여 잡음이 섞인 음성의 음질 을 향상하는 방법에 대해 고찰하였다. 이 알고리즘은 음성신호의상관성을 잘 이용하기 위한 현재의 sample을 예측하기 위해 음성신호의 과거 신호뿐만 아니라 미래의 신호도 사용하였다. 이 결과 이 방법 은 백색잡음뿐만 유색잡음의 제거에도 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 또, 이 방법을 개선한 modified forward/backward 적응 디지털 필터링 방법을 제시하여 성능 향상을 꾀하엿다. 이 개선된 방법은 비교 적 구조가 간단하면서도 여러 종류의 additive noise 에 대해서 잘 동작하며 기존의 방법에 비하여 약 2 유 정도의 개선된 효과를 가져온다.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.313-329
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• 2020

In this paper, we derive various differential Harnack estimates for positive solutions to the nonlinear backward heat type equations on closed manifolds coupled with the Ricci-Bourguignon flow, which was done for the Ricci flow by J.-Y. Wu [30]. The proof follows exactly the one given by X.-D. Cao [4] for the linear backward heat type equations coupled with the Ricci flow.

• 한국전자거래학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전자거래학회 2003년도 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.109-114
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• 2003

WS-BPMS(web service driven business process management system)은 기업 내 또는 비즈니스 파트너들 간의 비즈니스 프로세스를 체계적으로 통합, 관리하여 프로세스를 개선하고 자동화한다. 이는 비즈니스 프로세스를 검색한 후 BPEL4WS, BPML 등의 프로세스 메타모델을 이용하여 새 프로세스를 디자인하고 BPMS위에 전개 실행하는 과정을 거치게 된다. 디자인된 프로세스는 복잡하여 그 실행에 있어 체계적이고 확고한 기반을 바탕으로 운영되어야 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 BPMS의 운영에 있어 pi-calculus를 기반으로 한 structured exception handling 방법론과 transaction 모니터링을 통한 backward recovery 방법을 제시한다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 1999

파장 1.06$\mu\textrm{m}$ Nd:YAG 펌프레이저의 인가에너지와 라만매질 CH4의 압력변화에 따른 전방과 후방 1.54$\mu\textrm{m}$ 유도라만 산란광(stimulated Raman scattering)의 출력 특성을 동시에 측정하여 전후방 유도라만 산란광 발생을 위한 1.06$\mu\textrm{m}$ 인가문턱 에너지, 라만변환의 기울기 효율 및 라만이득계수(Raman gain coefficient)의 측정값과 이론값을 비교 분석하였다. 압력1000 psi에서 후방 기울기 효율은 약 34%이고 전방은 약 18%를 보였다. 라만매질 CH4의 압력이 증가할수록 전방과 후방 라만이득은 비선형적으로 증가할 뿐만아니라, 후방 대 전방 라만이득비도 증가하였다. 압력 1200 psi 이상에서 후방 대 전방 라만이득비는 약 1.4배가 되었고, 압력 1400 psi에서 후방 라만이득계수는 0.32cm/GW이고 전방에서는 0.23cm/GW로 나타났다. 이와 같은 비대칭적 발생은 전방 라만증폭이 펌프광의 국부적 세기와 작용하는 반면 후방은 펌프광의 평균세기와 상호작용하기 때문이다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.117-136
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• 2018

이 연구는 Wiggins와 McTighe(2011)의 2.0버전의 템플릿을 가정과 수업을 위한 템플릿으로 수정, 보완하여 재구조화하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 백워드 디자인의 주창자인 Wiggins와 McTighe의 이론을 고찰하고, Wiggins와 McTighe(2011)의 2.0버전의 템플릿을 고찰하였다. 또 백워드 디자인을 활용한 다양한 선행 연구를 분석하여 가정과 수업에 백워드 디자인을 적용하기 위한 템플릿 재구조화를 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 또 전문가 협의회를 통한 안면타당도를 통해 템플릿의 타당도를 검증받았다. 이러한 과정을 거쳐, 1. 교육과정 분석, 2. 수업설계(학습경험 디자인↔평가설계), 3. 수업 흐름, 4. 각 차시별 수업 안내, 5. 평가기록 및 피드백의 총 5단계로 재구조화한 가정과 템플릿을 개발하였다. 이 연구에서 재구조화한 가정과 템플릿을 활용하여 2015 개정 교육과정의 가정과교육 영역의 수업 자료를 개발하여 학습자의 역량 함양에 기여하는 교수·학습의 개선이 지속적으로 확대되어 가야 할 것이다. 추후 연구에서는 백워드 디자인 적용의 가정과 수업이 학습자에게 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 학교 현장 연구가 추진되어야 할 것이다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine, in stroke patients, differences between backward walking training applied on a treadmill and the same training applied on the ground. Methods: Twenty seven stroke patients were divided into a treadmill backward walking group of 14 patients and a ground backward walking group of 13 subjects. Each group performed their respective training method for 8 weeks (15 min per day, 4 days a week). Walking ability was measured using a 10 m MWS (Maximal Walking Speed) test and the GAITRite system to examine changes in walking. Cadence, stridelength, step time, step length and symmetry index of the less affected side were measured to examine changes in stance phase of the lower extremity of the more affected side. Results: 10 m MWS, cadence, stride length, step time and step length of the less affected side significantly increased and symmetry index significantly decreased after training in both groups. The treadmill backward walking group experienced a significantly greater increase in step time and step length and a significantly greater decrease in symmetry index than the ground backward walking group. Conclusion: The two walking training methods were effective for improving stability in stance phase of the lower extremity of the more affected side, but the treadmill method was more effective. The present study is meaningful in that it analyzed the effects of backward walking training methods on walking and the differences of the training methods to provide information necessary for effective treatment of stroke patients.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2005

To compare the effects of forward walking and backward walking on surface electromyographic analysis of quadriceps muscles at treadmill grades of 0%, 5% and 10%, subjects were randomized to eleven athletics (5 females, 6 males), with a mean age of 17.8 years, and a SD of 4.66 years. The values of the surface electromyographic (SEMG) activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) were measured during forward walking and backward walking on a treadmill at grades of 0, 5 and 10%. The subjects walked for approximately 10 seconds at 4.0 km/h. The data were analyzed by repeated measuring of the two-way ANOVA and analyzed by a paired t-test between forward walking and backward walking. The SEMG activity levels of the RF, VL and VMO were the highest when both the forward walking and backward walking increased incrementally for treadmill grades of 0% to 10%, but the VMO/VL ratio had no significant changes. The SEMG activity levels of the RF, VL and VMO were significantly different between directions. However, SEMG activity levels of the RF, VL, VMO and VMO/VL ratio did not show significant difference among the treadmill grades. No statistically significant interactions were detected between the direction of walking and treadmill grade. Backward walking on the treadmill at 4 km/h and grades of 0%, 5%, 10% elicited a greater SEMG activity on the quadriceps muscles than did forward walking under the same conditions. The results suggest that the quadriceps may be effectively activated by performance at treadmill grades of 10%. This investigation confirms that backward walking up an incline may place additional muscular demands on individuals.