• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-119
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• 2015

This study discussed the major notion of backward design placing emphasis on performance and evaluation, and clarified the concepts of 'understanding' and 'enduring understanding' based on the literature of Wiggins and McTighe and previous studies. This study also developed a sample curriculum module for a consumer unit for 7 class hours based on the 'Understanding by Design' template. This study concluded that backward design can contribute to achieving student's high performance from evaluation planning prior to actual instruction, to utilizing learning with higher order thinking and skills by analyzing key concepts, and to reconstructing curriculum contents considering a teacher's perspective, students' needs, and each school's situation and context.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.1129-1140
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• 2017

Unidirectional data transmission system, which allows physical one way transmission, removes the backward link physically to prevent the intrusion from the outside through the network. However, the system is difficult to apply to the environment requiring either backward transmissions or bi-directional communications. In this paper, we proposed Limited Two-way communications system, called as LimTway, which only allows outbound TCP two-way communications. LimTway uses two one-way links(forward, backward). While the forward one-way link is staying to be activated so that an allowed outbound UDP traffic could be transmitted one-way always, the backward one-way link is activated while allowed outbound TCP sessions are established. In order to prevent the intrusion from the outside during the period, the software of LimTway is designed to allow only the transmissions of both outbound TCP two-way communication traffics and outbound UDP traffics.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.71-82
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• 2008

W. S. CHAE, Ground Reaction Force Charateristics During Forward and Backward Walking Over 20 Degree Ramp. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 71-82, 2008. The purpose of this study was to compare GRF characteristics during forward and backward walking over 20 degree ramp. Temporal parameters, GRFs, displacement of center of pressure (DCP), and loading and decay rates were determined for each trial. The results showed that the vertical GRF in BD during RTO was significantly greater than those found in FU. This reults indicated that GRF patterns may be changed by different walking conditions and altering position of ankle, knee, and center of mass throughout the walking cycle. The DCP during $RHC_2$-LHC in antero-posterior direction for downward was smaller than the corresponding value for upward condition. It' seems that the ankle and knee joints are locked in an awkward fashion at the toe contact to compensate for imbalance. Reducing the magnitude of loading rate can be achieved by walking in the backward direction. Accordingly, the results can be a benefit if one is suffering from an impact-type injury.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.163-198
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• 2018

This study analyzed the change of the Korean welfare regime during the conservative government. It is clear that the welfare expanded during the conservative government, but this expansion was the process of realizing the constraint of expansion that reduces future welfare expenditure in Korea. In addition, as the public welfare centered on social insurance expanded after 10 years of liberal government, the backward selectivity of the Korean welfare regime strengthened in the conservative administration. Expanding social insurance itself does not reinforce the backward selectivity of the Korean welfare regime. However, the industrial structure created by the export-led growth system has intensified the fragmentation of the labor market, and expanding social insurance designed based on regular workers under these conditions has forced the backward selectivity of the social security system. It is for this reason that the backward selectivity has been reinforced during the conservative government.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1127-1154
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• 2018

This paper aims to contribute to estimating the value of a patent by explaining the unobservable attributes of patent quality using observable patent citation indices. The paper first constructs patent citation data and identifies firm, university, and research institute among assignees, and then tries to explain attributes of patent quality using backward citation indices. Backward citation indices carrying information about technological sources which a given patent is based on turn out to be good predictors of forward citation indices carrying information about attributes of patent quality. Finding the functional relationships between attributes of patent quality and backward citations will lead to the improved estimation and prediction of patent value. It is found out that backward citation indices are strongly correlated the technological diversity of a patent. The paper also suggests that with whom an organization chooses to collaborate affects the attributes of patent quality.

• (The) Korean Journal of Educational Psychology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.819-845
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• 2017

Although testing is usually done for purposes of assessment, previous research over the past 100 years indicates that testing is an effective tool for learning. Testing or retrieval practice of previously studied materials can enhance learning of that previously studied information and/or learning of subsequently presented new information. The former is referred to as the backward effect of testing whereas the latter is referred to as the forward effect of testing. Thus far, however, the literature has not isolated these two effects and most previous research focused on the backward effect. Only recent laboratory research provided evidence that there is a forward effect of testing. The present study provides a review of research on this forward and backward effect of testing, focusing on testing procedures of the effects, empirical evidence, current theoretical explanations, and issues to resolve in order to make use of testing effect in educational settings. The reviews clearly show that testing enhances memory of previously learned information by working as memory modifier and learning of newly presented information by affecting learners' metacognition, implying that testing is not just an assessment of learning, but also an effective tool for learning.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.433-436
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• 2009

This study is concerned with an effect of frictional condition in a forward/backward combined extrusion process. Generally, the material flow of the billet is influenced by the corners of the die cavity, the ratio in reduction in area, and thickness ratio of backward can thickness to forward can thickness. In addition, the frictional condition in contact area between the billet and the punch/die also affect the material flow. This paper investigated the effect of frictional condition for variable friction factors. The FEM simulation has been carried out in order to examine the effect of frictional condition. Deformation patterns and flow characteristics were examined in terms of design parameters such as extruded length ratio etc. Die pressure exerted on the die-workpiece interface is calculated by the simulation results and analyzed for safe tooling. Therefore the numerical simulation works provide a combined extrusion process of stable cold forging process planning to avoid the severe damage on the tool.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.631-642
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• 2016

This article deals with one-dimension backward heat conduction problem (BHCP). A new approach based on least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) is proposed for obtaining their approximate solutions. The approximate solution is presented in closed form by means of LS-SVM, whose parameters are adjusted to minimize an appropriate error function. The approximate solution consists of two parts. The first part is a known function that satisfies initial and boundary conditions. The other is a product of two terms. One term is known function which has zero boundary and initial conditions, another term is unknown which is related to kernel functions. This method has been successfully tested on practical examples and has yielded higher accuracy and stable solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.32B no.10
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• pp.1326-1337
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• 1995

In this paper, we transformed the bilinear filter into an equivalent linear multichannel filter and derived QR decomposition based recursive least squares algorithms for bilinear lattice filters. We also defined order update relation of the forward and the backward input vectors by using the channel decomposition. The forward and the backward data matrices were defined by using the forward and the backward input vectors and orthogonalized with the QR decomposition. we can obtain the lattice equations of the bilinear filters by using the channel decomposition. we can be derived the lattice equations of the bilinear filters using this decomposition process which are the same as the lattice equations derived by Baik, we can use the coefficient transformation algorithm proposed by Baik. We derived the equation error and the output error algorithm of the QRD based RLS bilinear lattice algorithm. Also, we evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithms through the system identification of the bilinear system.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.314-326
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• 2016

The purpose of variable selection techniques is to select a subset of relevant variables for a particular learning algorithm in order to improve the accuracy of prediction model and improve the efficiency of the model. We conduct an empirical analysis to evaluate and compare seven well-known variable selection techniques for multiple linear regression model, which is one of the most commonly used regression model in practice. The variable selection techniques we apply are forward selection, backward elimination, stepwise selection, genetic algorithm (GA), ridge regression, lasso (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) and elastic net. Based on the experiment with 49 regression data sets, it is found that GA resulted in the lowest error rates while lasso most significantly reduces the number of variables. In terms of computational efficiency, forward/backward elimination and lasso requires less time than the other techniques.